Paul: Difference between revisions
Created page with "{{틀:성경인물 |그림=섬네일|가운데|px|''Saint Paul'', the oil painting bequeathed by William Cartwright, is dated before 1686. |title=Paul |시대=A.D. 30–64 |출생-사망=Martyred during Emperor Nero’s reign. |가족 관계= |출생지=Tarsus |매장지= |활동 지역=Judea, Asia Minor, Greece, Rome |주요 행적=Converted from Judaism to Christianity.<br>Wrote 13-14 New Testament boo..." |
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{{ | <!-- interlanguage:start -->[[ko:바울]]<!-- interlanguage:end -->{{성경인물 | ||
| | |image=[[file:Saint Paul - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|가운데|px|''Saint Paul'', the oil painting bequeathed by William Cartwright, is dated before 1686.]] | ||
|title=Paul | |title=Paul | ||
| | |Period=A.D. 30–64 | ||
| | |Birth to death=Martyred during Emperor Nero’s reign. | ||
| | |Birthplace=Tarsus | ||
|Activity area=Judea, Asia Minor, Greece, Rome | |||
| | |Major achievements=Converted from Judaism to Christianity.<br>Wrote 13-14 [[The New Testament|New Testament]] books.<br>Expanded the early Church through his three missionary journeys. | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''Paul''' (Greek: Παῦλος)<ref>[https://biblehub.com/greek/3972.htm Strong's Greek: 3972. Παῦλος], ''Bible Hub''</ref> was a key New Testament apostle who, after persecuting the early Church as a Jewish leader, converted to Christianity. He expanded the early Church and the [[Gospel of the Kingdom|gospel of the kingdom]] beyond the Jewish region to Asia Minor, Greece, and Rome, writing nearly half of the [[The New Testament|New Testament]]’s 27 books. Born in Tarsus, he was a zealous [[The Pharisees|Pharisee]], fluent in Greek, and held Roman citizenship.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Paul-the-Apostle St. Paul the Apostle], ''Britannica''</ref> His Roman name was Paul (Παῦλος), and his Jewish name was Saul (שָׁאוּל).<ref>[https://biblehub.com/hebrew/7586.htm Strong's Hebrew: 7586. שָׁאוּל,]'', Bible Hub''</ref> Initially, mentioned by both names in the [[book of Acts]], he is referred to as Paul thereafter. | '''Paul''' (Greek: Παῦλος)<ref>[https://biblehub.com/greek/3972.htm Strong's Greek: 3972. Παῦλος], ''Bible Hub''</ref> was a key New Testament apostle who, after persecuting the early Church as a Jewish leader, converted to Christianity. He expanded the early Church and the [[Gospel of the Kingdom|gospel of the kingdom]] beyond the Jewish region to Asia Minor, Greece, and Rome, writing nearly half of the [[The New Testament|New Testament]]’s 27 books. Born in Tarsus, he was a zealous [[The Pharisees|Pharisee]], fluent in Greek, and held Roman citizenship.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Paul-the-Apostle St. Paul the Apostle], ''Britannica''</ref> His Roman name was Paul (Παῦλος), and his Jewish name was Saul (שָׁאוּל).<ref>[https://biblehub.com/hebrew/7586.htm Strong's Hebrew: 7586. שָׁאוּל,]'', Bible Hub''</ref> Initially, mentioned by both names in the [[book of Acts]], he is referred to as Paul thereafter. | ||
==Historical Background== | ==Historical Background== | ||
Following the [[ascension of Jesus]] Christ, early Church saints actively disseminated the [[gospel]], resulting in a growing number of believers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%202&version=NIV|title=Acts 2 | Following the [[ascension of Jesus]] Christ, early Church saints actively disseminated the [[gospel]], resulting in a growing number of believers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%202&version=NIV|title=Acts 2}}</ref> Among these converts were some Jewish leaders, including [[Priest|priests]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%206%3A7&version=NIV |title=Acts 6:7 |publisher= }}</ref> This expansion of Christianity provoked envy among Jewish authorities, who responded by imprisoning the apostles. Deacon [[Stephen]], an early Church leader, was executed by being stoned on charges of blasphemy. Saul, a young Jewish leader, was also implicated in this persecution. In the wake of Stephen’s martyrdom and the intensification of Jewish persecution, Christians who fled Jerusalem dispersed widely, continuing to spread the [[gospel]] and thereby facilitating its broader dissemination.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+8%3A1-5&version=NIV |title=Acts 8:1–5 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+11%3A19-20&version=NIV |title=Acts 11:19–20 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> | ||
<small>{{참고|Book of Acts}}</small> | <small>{{참고|Book of Acts}}</small> | ||
==Life of Paul== | ==Life of Paul== | ||
===Childhood=== | ===Childhood=== | ||
[[file:Tarsus, Cilicia, Turkey (37371485070).jpg| | [[file:Tarsus, Cilicia, Turkey (37371485070).jpg|thumb|230x230px|The region of Tarsus, where Paul was born and raised]] | ||
Paul was born in Tarsus, the capital of Cilicia in southern Asia Minor. Raised by devout Jewish parents, he was [[Circumcision|circumcised]] on the eighth day, following Jewish tradition.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Philippians+3%3A5&version=NIV |title=Philippians 3:5 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> The Bible provides limited information about Paul’s family, though relatives such as Andronicus, Junia, and Lucius are mentioned as fellow saints and fellow workers in the spread of the gospel.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%2016%3A7%2C%2011%2C%2021&version=NIV |title=Romans 16:7, 11, 21 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> From a young age, Paul studied under the renowned teacher Gamaliel,<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gamaliel-I Gamaliel I], ''Britannica''</ref> gaining a deep understanding of Jewish [[Law of Moses|law]]. It is also believed that he learned the craft of tent-making, a skill that later allowed him to support himself during his apostolic ministry.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2018%3A1-3&version=NIV Acts 18:1-3]</ref><ref name=":3">[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2020%3A33-35&version=NIV Acts 20:33-35]</ref><ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Corinthians%2012%3A13-15&version=NIV 2 Corinthians 12:13-15].</ref><ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Thessalonians%204%3A10-12&version=NIV 1 Thessalonians 4:10-12]</ref> | Paul was born in Tarsus, the capital of Cilicia in southern Asia Minor. Raised by devout Jewish parents, he was [[Circumcision|circumcised]] on the eighth day, following Jewish tradition.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Philippians+3%3A5&version=NIV |title=Philippians 3:5 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> The Bible provides limited information about Paul’s family, though relatives such as Andronicus, Junia, and Lucius are mentioned as fellow saints and fellow workers in the spread of the gospel.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%2016%3A7%2C%2011%2C%2021&version=NIV |title=Romans 16:7, 11, 21 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> From a young age, Paul studied under the renowned teacher Gamaliel,<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gamaliel-I Gamaliel I], ''Britannica''</ref> gaining a deep understanding of Jewish [[The Law of Moses|law]]. It is also believed that he learned the craft of tent-making, a skill that later allowed him to support himself during his apostolic ministry.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2018%3A1-3&version=NIV Acts 18:1-3]</ref><ref name=":3">[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2020%3A33-35&version=NIV Acts 20:33-35]</ref><ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Corinthians%2012%3A13-15&version=NIV 2 Corinthians 12:13-15].</ref><ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Thessalonians%204%3A10-12&version=NIV 1 Thessalonians 4:10-12]</ref> | ||
===Young Adulthood: Persecuting Early Church=== | ===Young Adulthood: Persecuting Early Church=== | ||
Paul belonged to the [[The Pharisees|Pharisees]], one of the three major sects of Judaism, alongside the [[Sadducees]] and the [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Essene Essenes]. The Pharisees were distinguished by their strict observance of the Law, often incorporating additional customs and traditions not found in the Scripture.<ref>[https://www.christianity.com/jesus/birth-of-jesus/genealogy-and-jewish-heritage/how-were-the-pharisees-legalistic.html Who Were the Pharisees in the Bible?], ''Christianity.com'', August 21, 2023</ref> Deeply committed to this legalistic faith, Paul regarded the Church of God as a [[Heresy|heretical]] movement that violated the Law and was, therefore, an ''object of hostility''. As a rising leader within Judaism,<ref>[https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=DdTrCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82+apostle+paul+age&source=bl&ots=Sca1NyEwoN&sig=ACfU3U3VDLjUr40cKffj0r-Ydg4kaYASxg&hl=ko&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi65t-Shf2FAxUdh1YBHeRkDl8Q6AF6BAgvEAM#v=onepage&q=%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82%20apostle%20paul%20age&f=false When Paul Met Jesus: How an Idea Got Lost in History], Stanley E. Porter, Cambridge University Press, 2016, pg. 18-21 </ref> he played a key role in persecuting the church.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Galatians%201%3A13&version=NIV |title=Galatians 1:13 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref><ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2022%3A4-5&version=NIV Acts 22:4-5]</ref> Paul was involved in the execution of Stephen, witnessing his death.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%207%3A58-59%2C%208%3A1-2&version=NIV Acts 7:58-59, 8:1-2]</ref> Biblical passages, such as “Saul began to destroy the church”<ref name=":2" /> and “still breathing out murderous threats against the Lord’s disciples,”<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%209%3A1&version=NIV Acts 9:1]</ref> reflect his aggressiveness during this period. | Paul belonged to the [[The Pharisees|Pharisees]], one of the three major sects of Judaism, alongside the [[The Sadducees|Sadducees]] and the [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Essene Essenes]. The Pharisees were distinguished by their strict observance of the Law, often incorporating additional customs and traditions not found in the Scripture.<ref>[https://www.christianity.com/jesus/birth-of-jesus/genealogy-and-jewish-heritage/how-were-the-pharisees-legalistic.html Who Were the Pharisees in the Bible?], ''Christianity.com'', August 21, 2023</ref> Deeply committed to this legalistic faith, Paul regarded the Church of God as a [[Heresy|heretical]] movement that violated the Law and was, therefore, an ''object of hostility''. As a rising leader within Judaism,<ref>[https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=DdTrCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82+apostle+paul+age&source=bl&ots=Sca1NyEwoN&sig=ACfU3U3VDLjUr40cKffj0r-Ydg4kaYASxg&hl=ko&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi65t-Shf2FAxUdh1YBHeRkDl8Q6AF6BAgvEAM#v=onepage&q=%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82%20apostle%20paul%20age&f=false When Paul Met Jesus: How an Idea Got Lost in History], Stanley E. Porter, Cambridge University Press, 2016, pg. 18-21 </ref> he played a key role in persecuting the church.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Galatians%201%3A13&version=NIV |title=Galatians 1:13 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref><ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2022%3A4-5&version=NIV Acts 22:4-5]</ref> Paul was involved in the execution of Stephen, witnessing his death.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%207%3A58-59%2C%208%3A1-2&version=NIV Acts 7:58-59, 8:1-2]</ref> Biblical passages, such as “Saul began to destroy the church”<ref name=":2" /> and “still breathing out murderous threats against the Lord’s disciples,”<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%209%3A1&version=NIV Acts 9:1]</ref> reflect his aggressiveness during this period. | ||
===Conversion in Damascus<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%209&version=NIV Acts 9]</ref>=== | ===Conversion in Damascus<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%209&version=NIV Acts 9]</ref>=== | ||
[[file:Conversion on the Way to Damascus-Caravaggio (c.1600-1).jpg | | [[file:Conversion on the Way to Damascus-Caravaggio (c.1600-1).jpg |thumb|328x328px|''Conversion on the Way to Damascus'' by Caravaggio, 1600–1601]] | ||
Paul played a leading role in the arrest of the early Church saints in [[Jerusalem]], handing them over to prison. While traveling to Damascus to extend these arrests to [[Christian|Christians]] in other regions, he was suddenly surrounded by a light from heaven. A voice then spoke to him. | Paul played a leading role in the arrest of the early Church saints in [[Jerusalem]], handing them over to prison. While traveling to Damascus to extend these arrests to [[Christian|Christians]] in other regions, he was suddenly surrounded by a light from heaven. A voice then spoke to him. | ||
“Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me?” | “Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me?” | ||
“Who are you, Lord?” | “Who are you, Lord?” | ||
“I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting. Now get up and go into the city, and you will be told what you must do.” | “I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting. Now get up and go into the city, and you will be told what you must do.” | ||
After falling to the ground, Paul rose and opened his eyes but was unable to see. He fasted and prayed for three days. On the third day, Jesus appeared to Ananias in a vision, instructing him to find Paul. Following Jesus’ command, Ananias laid hands on Paul, and something like scales fell from Paul’s eyes, restoring his sight. Paul then received [[baptism]] in the name of Christ. This event marked a dramatic turning point in Paul’s life, leading to his conversion from Judaism to Christianity. He immediately began preaching [[Christ]] in [[Synagogue|synagogues]], converting many Jews. When the Jews conspired to kill Paul, watching the city gates day and night, the disciples helped him escape by lowering him in a large basket outside the city walls. Facing similar threats in Jerusalem, the brothers sent Paul to his hometown of Tarsus for safety. | After falling to the ground, Paul rose and opened his eyes but was unable to see. He fasted and prayed for three days. On the third day, Jesus appeared to Ananias in a vision, instructing him to find Paul. Following Jesus’ command, Ananias laid hands on Paul, and something like scales fell from Paul’s eyes, restoring his sight. Paul then received [[baptism]] in the name of Christ. This event marked a dramatic turning point in Paul’s life, leading to his conversion from Judaism to Christianity. He immediately began preaching [[Christ]] in [[The Synagogue|synagogues]], converting many Jews. When the Jews conspired to kill Paul, watching the city gates day and night, the disciples helped him escape by lowering him in a large basket outside the city walls. Facing similar threats in Jerusalem, the brothers sent Paul to his hometown of Tarsus for safety. | ||
===Barnabas and Ministry<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2011%3A19%E2%80%9326&version=NIV |title=Acts 11:19–26|publisher= |quote= }}</ref>=== | ===Barnabas and Ministry<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2011%3A19%E2%80%9326&version=NIV |title=Acts 11:19–26|publisher= |quote= }}</ref>=== | ||
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[[file:Paul the Apostle, first missionary journey.svg |300px |바울의 1차 전도 여행 행로]] | [[file:Paul the Apostle, first missionary journey.svg |300px |바울의 1차 전도 여행 행로]] | ||
*'''Experienced a Life-Threatening Crisis in Lystra<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2014%3A8-21&version=NIV Acts 14:8-21].</ref>''' | *'''Experienced a Life-Threatening Crisis in Lystra<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2014%3A8-21&version=NIV Acts 14:8-21].</ref>''' | ||
[[file:Jean-Baptiste de Champaigne - The Stoning of St. Paul - Arnot Art Museum.jpg | | [[file:Jean-Baptiste de Champaigne - The Stoning of St. Paul - Arnot Art Museum.jpg |thumb|229x229px|''The Stoning of St. Paul by'' Jean Baptiste de Champaigne, 1667]] | ||
In Lystra, Paul healed a man who had been crippled from birth, enabling him to walk through the power of the Holy Spirit. The local people, astonished by the miracle, exclaimed, “The gods have come down to us in human form!” Mistaking Barnabas for ''Zeus'' and Paul for ''Hermes'', they attempted to offer sacrifices to them, In response, Paul and Barnabas tore their clothes and shouted, “We too are only men, human like you,” proclaiming the power of [[God]]. Shortly thereafter, Jews from other regions, who had been pursuing Paul, arrived and incited the crowd against him. The crowd stoned Paul. They then dragged him out of the city, believing him to be dead. However, Paul miraculously survived and continued his gospel ministry. The following day, Paul and Barnabas traveled to Derbe, where they made many disciples. | In Lystra, Paul healed a man who had been crippled from birth, enabling him to walk through the power of the Holy Spirit. The local people, astonished by the miracle, exclaimed, “The gods have come down to us in human form!” Mistaking Barnabas for ''Zeus'' and Paul for ''Hermes'', they attempted to offer sacrifices to them, In response, Paul and Barnabas tore their clothes and shouted, “We too are only men, human like you,” proclaiming the power of [[God]]. Shortly thereafter, Jews from other regions, who had been pursuing Paul, arrived and incited the crowd against him. The crowd stoned Paul. They then dragged him out of the city, believing him to be dead. However, Paul miraculously survived and continued his gospel ministry. The following day, Paul and Barnabas traveled to Derbe, where they made many disciples. | ||
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* '''Debating With the Philosophers<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2017%3A16-34&version=NIV Acts 17:16-34]</ref>''' | * '''Debating With the Philosophers<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2017%3A16-34&version=NIV Acts 17:16-34]</ref>''' | ||
[[file:George Baxter - St Paul Preaching in Athens - B1977.14.10689 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg | | [[file:George Baxter - St Paul Preaching in Athens - B1977.14.10689 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg |thumb|250x250px|''St. Paul Preaching in Athens'' by George Baxter, After 1855]] | ||
When Paul arrived in Athens, he was distressed by the city’s proliferation of [[Idol|idols]], including an altar inscribed “TO AN UNKNOWN GOD.” He discussed in the [[synagogue]] with Jews and other residents, including a group of Epicurean and Stoic philosophers. Paul proclaimed the existence of God, who created all nations from one man. Consequently, many individuals, including Dionysius the Areopagite and a woman named Damaris, accepted the gospel. | When Paul arrived in Athens, he was distressed by the city’s proliferation of [[Idol|idols]], including an altar inscribed “TO AN UNKNOWN GOD.” He discussed in the [[synagogue]] with Jews and other residents, including a group of Epicurean and Stoic philosophers. Paul proclaimed the existence of God, who created all nations from one man. Consequently, many individuals, including Dionysius the Areopagite and a woman named Damaris, accepted the gospel. | ||
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*'''Uproar of the Worshipers of the Goddess Artemis''' | *'''Uproar of the Worshipers of the Goddess Artemis''' | ||
[[file:Eustache Le Sueur - The Preaching of St Paul at Ephesus - WGA12613.jpg| | [[file:Eustache Le Sueur - The Preaching of St Paul at Ephesus - WGA12613.jpg|thumb|200x200px |''The Preaching of St. Paul at Ephesus'' by Eustache Le Sueur, 1649]] | ||
The word of God spread widely, reaching both Jews and Greeks throughout Asia. In Ephesus, Paul taught the gospel daily at the synagogue of Tyrannus. During this period, a silversmith who made and sold [https://biblehub.com/acts/19-24.htm silver shrines] of the goddess Artemis became hostile toward Paul, inciting the local merchants and causing a public uproar. They captured Paul’s fellow workers and filled the city with chants in praise of Artemis.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2019%3A21-41&version=NIV Acts 19:21-41].</ref> Once the unrest settled, Paul encouraged the believers and departed for Macedonia.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2020%3A1&version=NIV Acts 20:1]</ref> | The word of God spread widely, reaching both Jews and Greeks throughout Asia. In Ephesus, Paul taught the gospel daily at the synagogue of Tyrannus. During this period, a silversmith who made and sold [https://biblehub.com/acts/19-24.htm silver shrines] of the goddess Artemis became hostile toward Paul, inciting the local merchants and causing a public uproar. They captured Paul’s fellow workers and filled the city with chants in praise of Artemis.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2019%3A21-41&version=NIV Acts 19:21-41].</ref> Once the unrest settled, Paul encouraged the believers and departed for Macedonia.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2020%3A1&version=NIV Acts 20:1]</ref> | ||
*'''Journey to Jerusalem Ready to Face Death'''<br> | *'''Journey to Jerusalem Ready to Face Death'''<br> | ||
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===Arrested in Jerusalem<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2021%3A27-22%3A29&version=NIV Acts 21:27-22:29].</ref>=== | ===Arrested in Jerusalem<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2021%3A27-22%3A29&version=NIV Acts 21:27-22:29].</ref>=== | ||
[[file:St Paul in prison.jpg| | [[file:St Paul in prison.jpg|thumb|243x243px|''St. Paul in Prison'' by Gustave Doré, 1886]] | ||
Paul arrived in Jerusalem and reported his missionary activities to the saints, who glorified God upon hearing his account. A few days later, Jews from Asia arrived and incited the crowd, accusing Paul of desecrating the Law and the [[Temple]]. This led to a violent uproar, with the crowd attempting to kill Paul. The Roman commander, accompanied by soldiers, intervened and restored order. He then bound Paul with chains. Paul addressed a large assembly of Jews, recounting his conversion from Judaism to Christianity and preaching about Jesus Christ. As the crowd grew increasingly hostile and sought to kill Paul, the commander took him into the barracks for protection. | Paul arrived in Jerusalem and reported his missionary activities to the saints, who glorified God upon hearing his account. A few days later, Jews from Asia arrived and incited the crowd, accusing Paul of desecrating the Law and the [[Temple]]. This led to a violent uproar, with the crowd attempting to kill Paul. The Roman commander, accompanied by soldiers, intervened and restored order. He then bound Paul with chains. Paul addressed a large assembly of Jews, recounting his conversion from Judaism to Christianity and preaching about Jesus Christ. As the crowd grew increasingly hostile and sought to kill Paul, the commander took him into the barracks for protection. | ||
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When Porcius Festus succeeded Governor Felix, the high priest and Jewish leaders brought accusations against Paul, prompting a new trial in Caesarea. The Jews alleged that Paul was the leader of the Nazarene [[Heresy|sect]] and other charges, but failed to present substantial evidence. During the trial, Paul boldly testified about Jesus. Festus, aiming to appease the Jewish leaders, proposed sending Paul to Jerusalem for trial. Paul refused and instead appealed to the Roman Emperor. King Herod Agrippa II, who was visiting Festus, expressed a desire to hear Paul’s case. Before Agrippa, Paul confidently preached about Jesus. Subsequently, Paul was dispatched to Rome to stand trial before the Emperor, as he had requested. | When Porcius Festus succeeded Governor Felix, the high priest and Jewish leaders brought accusations against Paul, prompting a new trial in Caesarea. The Jews alleged that Paul was the leader of the Nazarene [[Heresy|sect]] and other charges, but failed to present substantial evidence. During the trial, Paul boldly testified about Jesus. Festus, aiming to appease the Jewish leaders, proposed sending Paul to Jerusalem for trial. Paul refused and instead appealed to the Roman Emperor. King Herod Agrippa II, who was visiting Festus, expressed a desire to hear Paul’s case. Before Agrippa, Paul confidently preached about Jesus. Subsequently, Paul was dispatched to Rome to stand trial before the Emperor, as he had requested. | ||
===2nd Imprisonment=== | ===2nd Imprisonment=== | ||
Upon his arrival in Rome, Paul was placed under house arrest and guarded by soldiers. Despite this confinement, his commitment to evangelism remained strong. Paul called together the Jewish leaders in Rome and outlined the reasons for his presence there. Interested in his teachings, the Jewish leaders arranged to meet with Paul at his residence. Paul spent the entire day from morning until evening discussing Christ and the Scriptures. Over approximately two years, Paul continued to teach all who visited him about the [[Heaven|kingdom of God]] and [[Christ]].<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2028%3A16-31&version=NIV Acts 28:16-31].</ref> During this period, he also composed four letters—Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon—to support and encourage the saints and churches.<ref>[https://www.christianity.com/wiki/bible/what-are-the-prison-epistles.html What Are the Prison Epistles?], Christianity.com, December 17, 2019</ref> These letters were carried by Paul’s co-workers and delivered to individuals or churches. | Upon his arrival in Rome, Paul was placed under house arrest and guarded by soldiers. Despite this confinement, his commitment to evangelism remained strong. Paul called together the Jewish leaders in Rome and outlined the reasons for his presence there. Interested in his teachings, the Jewish leaders arranged to meet with Paul at his residence. Paul spent the entire day from morning until evening discussing Christ and the Scriptures. Over approximately two years, Paul continued to teach all who visited him about the [[Kingdom of Heaven|kingdom of God]] and [[Christ]].<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2028%3A16-31&version=NIV Acts 28:16-31].</ref> During this period, he also composed four letters—Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon—to support and encourage the saints and churches.<ref>[https://www.christianity.com/wiki/bible/what-are-the-prison-epistles.html What Are the Prison Epistles?], Christianity.com, December 17, 2019</ref> These letters were carried by Paul’s co-workers and delivered to individuals or churches. | ||
===Last Work=== | ===Last Work=== | ||
[[file:Mattia Preti - The Martyrdom of Saint Paul - Google Art Project.jpg | | [[file:Mattia Preti - The Martyrdom of Saint Paul - Google Art Project.jpg |thumb|250x250px|''The Martyrdom of Paul'' by Mattia Preti, 1656–1659]] | ||
The Pastoral Epistles, comprising the books of 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, and Titus, document activities of Paul which were not detailed in the book of Acts. These writings indicate that Paul may have continued his evangelistic work for several years after his release from Roman imprisonment. There is also a tradition that Paul traveled to Spain to further spread the gospel.<ref>[https://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/lightfoot_jb/misc/post_acts.cfm St. Paul’s History after the Close of Acts], ''Blue Letter Bible''</ref> The early Church tradition holds that Paul was martyred in Rome, with his death likely linked to the AD 64 persecution under Emperor Nero, who blamed Christians for the Great Fire of Rome and executed approximately 300 Christians.<ref>[https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/neros-rome-burns Nero’s Rome burns], ''History.com''</ref><ref>[https://lineagejourney.com/read/paul-arrest-and-trial-in-rome/ PAUL: ARREST AND TRIAL IN ROME], ''Lineage Journey''</ref> | The Pastoral Epistles, comprising the books of 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, and Titus, document activities of Paul which were not detailed in the book of Acts. These writings indicate that Paul may have continued his evangelistic work for several years after his release from Roman imprisonment. There is also a tradition that Paul traveled to Spain to further spread the gospel.<ref>[https://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/lightfoot_jb/misc/post_acts.cfm St. Paul’s History after the Close of Acts], ''Blue Letter Bible''</ref> The early Church tradition holds that Paul was martyred in Rome, with his death likely linked to the AD 64 persecution under Emperor Nero, who blamed Christians for the Great Fire of Rome and executed approximately 300 Christians.<ref>[https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/neros-rome-burns Nero’s Rome burns], ''History.com''</ref><ref>[https://lineagejourney.com/read/paul-arrest-and-trial-in-rome/ PAUL: ARREST AND TRIAL IN ROME], ''Lineage Journey''</ref> | ||
==Paul’s Influence== | ==Paul’s Influence== | ||
===Pauline Epistles=== | ===Pauline Epistles=== | ||
The New Testament, comprising a total of 27 books, is divided into 13 books written by Jesus’ disciples such as [[Peter]], [[John (Apostle)|John]], [[Luke]], and [[Matthew]], and 14 books by Paul.<ref>[https://www.biblestudy.org/apostlepaul/when-were-books-by-apostle-paul-written.html When Did Apostle Paul Write His Books?], ''Bible Study''</ref> Paul’s [[Bible|writings]] account for half of the New Testament. These writings are often referred to as the ''[[ | The New Testament, comprising a total of 27 books, is divided into 13 books written by Jesus’ disciples such as [[Peter]], [[John (Apostle)|John]], [[Luke]], and [[Matthew]], and 14 books by Paul.<ref>[https://www.biblestudy.org/apostlepaul/when-were-books-by-apostle-paul-written.html When Did Apostle Paul Write His Books?], ''Bible Study''</ref> Paul’s [[Bible|writings]] account for half of the New Testament. These writings are often referred to as the ''[[Pauline Epistles|Pauline Epistles]]'' because they are primarily in the form of letters. Paul wrote a total of 9 epistles to churches ([[Book of Romans|Romans]], [[1 Corinthians|1 Corinthians]], [[Book of 2 Corinthians|2 Corinthians]], [[Book of Galatians|Galatians]], [[Book of Ephesians|Ephesians]], [[Book of Philippians|Philippians]], [[Book of Colossians|Colossians]], [[Book of 1 Thessalonians|1 Thessalonians]], and [[Book of 2 Thessalonians|2 Thessalonians]]) and 4 epistles to individuals ([[Book of 1 Timothy|1 Timothy]], [[Book of 2 Timothy|2 Timothy]], [[Book of Titus|Titus]], and [[Book of Philemon|Philemon]]). Additionally, there is 1 epistle addressed to a specific group ([[Book of Hebrews|Hebrews]]). Depending on the intended audience or the location from which the letters were written, they are sometimes classified as '''''Pastoral Epistles''''' ([[Book of 1 Timothy|1 Timothy]], [[Book of 2 Timothy|2 Timothy]], [[Book of Titus|Titus]]) or '''''Prison Epistles''''' ([[Book of Ephesians|Ephesians]], [[Book of Philippians|Philippians]], [[Book of Colossians|Colossians]], [[Book of Philemon|Philemon]]). | ||
<small></small>{{참고|Paul’s Epistles|설명=}} | <small></small>{{참고|Paul’s Epistles|설명=}} | ||
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==Lesson== | ==Lesson== | ||
===Devotion to Preaching the Gospel=== | ===Devotion to Preaching the Gospel=== | ||
[[file:Laurent de La Hyre's Saint Paul Shipwrecked on Malta.jpg | | [[file:Laurent de La Hyre's Saint Paul Shipwrecked on Malta.jpg |thumb| 250px|''Paul Shipwrecked in Malta'' by Laurent de La Hyre, 1630]] | ||
In short, Paul dedicated his life to preaching, even though his high education and influence could have afforded him a comfortable life. After accepting Jesus Christ, he considered worldly pursuits to be worthless<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Philippians%203%3A8%E2%80%939&version=NIV |title=Philippians 3:8–9 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> and focused solely on spreading the gospel. He supported his missionary journeys through relentless labor<ref name=":3" /> and fully committed himself to his evangelistic mission.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2020%3A23%E2%80%9324&version=NIV |title=Acts 20:23–24 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> As his death approached, Paul took pride in having lived a life of great value and purpose, free from regret. | In short, Paul dedicated his life to preaching, even though his high education and influence could have afforded him a comfortable life. After accepting Jesus Christ, he considered worldly pursuits to be worthless<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Philippians%203%3A8%E2%80%939&version=NIV |title=Philippians 3:8–9 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> and focused solely on spreading the gospel. He supported his missionary journeys through relentless labor<ref name=":3" /> and fully committed himself to his evangelistic mission.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2020%3A23%E2%80%9324&version=NIV |title=Acts 20:23–24 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> As his death approached, Paul took pride in having lived a life of great value and purpose, free from regret. | ||
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Paul traveled to Rome and the Mediterranean coast several times, pioneering routes that had never been taken before. His journeys were marked by relentless hardship. He endured threats of murder, severe violence, and flogging, facing dangers from cities, deserts, rivers, and seas. Additionally, he experienced deprivation, hunger, betrayal by false brethren and his own people, threats from robbers, slander from believers, and various physical ailments.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2023%3A12-14&version=NIV Acts 23:12-14].</ref><ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Corinthians%2011%3A23-28&version=NIV 2 Corinthians 11:23-28]. </ref><ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Corinthians%2012%3A7&version=NIV 2 Corinthians 12:7]</ref> Paul admitted that at times his suffering was so intense that he despaired even of life.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Corinthians%201%3A8-9&version=NIV 2 Corinthians 1:8-9]</ref> Despite these trials, he remained committed to preaching the gospel and overcame every obstacle through his reliance on God.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Philippians%204%3A12-13&version=NIV Philippians 4:12-13].</ref><ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%208%3A35%E2%80%9337&version=NIV Romans 8:35–37]</ref> His unwavering dedication to the principle, “If we live, we live to the Lord; and if we die, we die to the Lord,”<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%2014%3A8&version=NIV Romans 14:8]</ref> resulted in great outcomes wherever he traveled. | Paul traveled to Rome and the Mediterranean coast several times, pioneering routes that had never been taken before. His journeys were marked by relentless hardship. He endured threats of murder, severe violence, and flogging, facing dangers from cities, deserts, rivers, and seas. Additionally, he experienced deprivation, hunger, betrayal by false brethren and his own people, threats from robbers, slander from believers, and various physical ailments.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2023%3A12-14&version=NIV Acts 23:12-14].</ref><ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Corinthians%2011%3A23-28&version=NIV 2 Corinthians 11:23-28]. </ref><ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Corinthians%2012%3A7&version=NIV 2 Corinthians 12:7]</ref> Paul admitted that at times his suffering was so intense that he despaired even of life.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Corinthians%201%3A8-9&version=NIV 2 Corinthians 1:8-9]</ref> Despite these trials, he remained committed to preaching the gospel and overcame every obstacle through his reliance on God.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Philippians%204%3A12-13&version=NIV Philippians 4:12-13].</ref><ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%208%3A35%E2%80%9337&version=NIV Romans 8:35–37]</ref> His unwavering dedication to the principle, “If we live, we live to the Lord; and if we die, we die to the Lord,”<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%2014%3A8&version=NIV Romans 14:8]</ref> resulted in great outcomes wherever he traveled. | ||
===Passion for the Salvation of Souls=== | ===Passion for the Salvation of Souls=== | ||
Paul allocated more than half of his missionary activities to nurturing the faith of new believers. He revisited regions where he had previously faced life-threatening situations to bolster their faith. Moreover, he addressed issues with churches either by visiting them personally or by sending letters to correct practices related to [[Law of Moses|Old Testament laws]] or Jewish customs. His mission encompassed more than just preaching the gospel; he worked to create a foundation for saints to adapt to local cultures, appointed reliable overseers to guide them, and remained actively concerned with the well-being and care of the churches and their members. Paul tailored his approach to different groups: he identified with the weak to support them, aligned himself with Jewish customs to reach Jewish people, and adapted his methods to various individuals. His actions reflected a love that considered others, following the example of Jesus Christ.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Corinthians%209%3A20-23&version=NIV 1 Corinthians 9:20-23] </ref> | Paul allocated more than half of his missionary activities to nurturing the faith of new believers. He revisited regions where he had previously faced life-threatening situations to bolster their faith. Moreover, he addressed issues with churches either by visiting them personally or by sending letters to correct practices related to [[The Law of Moses|Old Testament laws]] or Jewish customs. His mission encompassed more than just preaching the gospel; he worked to create a foundation for saints to adapt to local cultures, appointed reliable overseers to guide them, and remained actively concerned with the well-being and care of the churches and their members. Paul tailored his approach to different groups: he identified with the weak to support them, aligned himself with Jewish customs to reach Jewish people, and adapted his methods to various individuals. His actions reflected a love that considered others, following the example of Jesus Christ.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Corinthians%209%3A20-23&version=NIV 1 Corinthians 9:20-23] </ref> | ||
==Related videos== | ==Related videos== | ||
