Paul: Difference between revisions
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{{성경인물 | <!-- interlanguage:start -->[[ko:바울]]<!-- interlanguage:end -->{{성경인물 | ||
|image=[[file:Saint Paul - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|가운데|px|''Saint Paul'', the oil painting bequeathed by William Cartwright, is dated before 1686.]] | |image=[[file:Saint Paul - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|가운데|px|''Saint Paul'', the oil painting bequeathed by William Cartwright, is dated before 1686.]] | ||
|title=Paul | |title=Paul | ||
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===Childhood=== | ===Childhood=== | ||
[[file:Tarsus, Cilicia, Turkey (37371485070).jpg|thumb|230x230px|The region of Tarsus, where Paul was born and raised]] | [[file:Tarsus, Cilicia, Turkey (37371485070).jpg|thumb|230x230px|The region of Tarsus, where Paul was born and raised]] | ||
Paul was born in Tarsus, the capital of Cilicia in southern Asia Minor. Raised by devout Jewish parents, he was [[Circumcision|circumcised]] on the eighth day, following Jewish tradition.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Philippians+3%3A5&version=NIV |title=Philippians 3:5 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> The Bible provides limited information about Paul’s family, though relatives such as Andronicus, Junia, and Lucius are mentioned as fellow saints and fellow workers in the spread of the gospel.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%2016%3A7%2C%2011%2C%2021&version=NIV |title=Romans 16:7, 11, 21 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> From a young age, Paul studied under the renowned teacher Gamaliel,<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gamaliel-I Gamaliel I], ''Britannica''</ref> gaining a deep understanding of Jewish [[Law of Moses|law]]. It is also believed that he learned the craft of tent-making, a skill that later allowed him to support himself during his apostolic ministry.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2018%3A1-3&version=NIV Acts 18:1-3]</ref><ref name=":3">[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2020%3A33-35&version=NIV Acts 20:33-35]</ref><ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Corinthians%2012%3A13-15&version=NIV 2 Corinthians 12:13-15].</ref><ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Thessalonians%204%3A10-12&version=NIV 1 Thessalonians 4:10-12]</ref> | Paul was born in Tarsus, the capital of Cilicia in southern Asia Minor. Raised by devout Jewish parents, he was [[Circumcision|circumcised]] on the eighth day, following Jewish tradition.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Philippians+3%3A5&version=NIV |title=Philippians 3:5 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> The Bible provides limited information about Paul’s family, though relatives such as Andronicus, Junia, and Lucius are mentioned as fellow saints and fellow workers in the spread of the gospel.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%2016%3A7%2C%2011%2C%2021&version=NIV |title=Romans 16:7, 11, 21 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> From a young age, Paul studied under the renowned teacher Gamaliel,<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gamaliel-I Gamaliel I], ''Britannica''</ref> gaining a deep understanding of Jewish [[The Law of Moses|law]]. It is also believed that he learned the craft of tent-making, a skill that later allowed him to support himself during his apostolic ministry.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2018%3A1-3&version=NIV Acts 18:1-3]</ref><ref name=":3">[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2020%3A33-35&version=NIV Acts 20:33-35]</ref><ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Corinthians%2012%3A13-15&version=NIV 2 Corinthians 12:13-15].</ref><ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Thessalonians%204%3A10-12&version=NIV 1 Thessalonians 4:10-12]</ref> | ||
===Young Adulthood: Persecuting Early Church=== | ===Young Adulthood: Persecuting Early Church=== | ||
Paul belonged to the [[The Pharisees|Pharisees]], one of the three major sects of Judaism, alongside the [[Sadducees]] and the [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Essene Essenes]. The Pharisees were distinguished by their strict observance of the Law, often incorporating additional customs and traditions not found in the Scripture.<ref>[https://www.christianity.com/jesus/birth-of-jesus/genealogy-and-jewish-heritage/how-were-the-pharisees-legalistic.html Who Were the Pharisees in the Bible?], ''Christianity.com'', August 21, 2023</ref> Deeply committed to this legalistic faith, Paul regarded the Church of God as a [[Heresy|heretical]] movement that violated the Law and was, therefore, an ''object of hostility''. As a rising leader within Judaism,<ref>[https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=DdTrCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82+apostle+paul+age&source=bl&ots=Sca1NyEwoN&sig=ACfU3U3VDLjUr40cKffj0r-Ydg4kaYASxg&hl=ko&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi65t-Shf2FAxUdh1YBHeRkDl8Q6AF6BAgvEAM#v=onepage&q=%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82%20apostle%20paul%20age&f=false When Paul Met Jesus: How an Idea Got Lost in History], Stanley E. Porter, Cambridge University Press, 2016, pg. 18-21 </ref> he played a key role in persecuting the church.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Galatians%201%3A13&version=NIV |title=Galatians 1:13 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref><ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2022%3A4-5&version=NIV Acts 22:4-5]</ref> Paul was involved in the execution of Stephen, witnessing his death.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%207%3A58-59%2C%208%3A1-2&version=NIV Acts 7:58-59, 8:1-2]</ref> Biblical passages, such as “Saul began to destroy the church”<ref name=":2" /> and “still breathing out murderous threats against the Lord’s disciples,”<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%209%3A1&version=NIV Acts 9:1]</ref> reflect his aggressiveness during this period. | Paul belonged to the [[The Pharisees|Pharisees]], one of the three major sects of Judaism, alongside the [[The Sadducees|Sadducees]] and the [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Essene Essenes]. The Pharisees were distinguished by their strict observance of the Law, often incorporating additional customs and traditions not found in the Scripture.<ref>[https://www.christianity.com/jesus/birth-of-jesus/genealogy-and-jewish-heritage/how-were-the-pharisees-legalistic.html Who Were the Pharisees in the Bible?], ''Christianity.com'', August 21, 2023</ref> Deeply committed to this legalistic faith, Paul regarded the Church of God as a [[Heresy|heretical]] movement that violated the Law and was, therefore, an ''object of hostility''. As a rising leader within Judaism,<ref>[https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=DdTrCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82+apostle+paul+age&source=bl&ots=Sca1NyEwoN&sig=ACfU3U3VDLjUr40cKffj0r-Ydg4kaYASxg&hl=ko&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi65t-Shf2FAxUdh1YBHeRkDl8Q6AF6BAgvEAM#v=onepage&q=%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82%20apostle%20paul%20age&f=false When Paul Met Jesus: How an Idea Got Lost in History], Stanley E. Porter, Cambridge University Press, 2016, pg. 18-21 </ref> he played a key role in persecuting the church.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Galatians%201%3A13&version=NIV |title=Galatians 1:13 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref><ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2022%3A4-5&version=NIV Acts 22:4-5]</ref> Paul was involved in the execution of Stephen, witnessing his death.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%207%3A58-59%2C%208%3A1-2&version=NIV Acts 7:58-59, 8:1-2]</ref> Biblical passages, such as “Saul began to destroy the church”<ref name=":2" /> and “still breathing out murderous threats against the Lord’s disciples,”<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%209%3A1&version=NIV Acts 9:1]</ref> reflect his aggressiveness during this period. | ||
===Conversion in Damascus<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%209&version=NIV Acts 9]</ref>=== | ===Conversion in Damascus<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%209&version=NIV Acts 9]</ref>=== | ||
[[file:Conversion on the Way to Damascus-Caravaggio (c.1600-1).jpg |thumb|328x328px|''Conversion on the Way to Damascus'' by Caravaggio, 1600–1601]] | [[file:Conversion on the Way to Damascus-Caravaggio (c.1600-1).jpg |thumb|328x328px|''Conversion on the Way to Damascus'' by Caravaggio, 1600–1601]] | ||
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“Who are you, Lord?” | “Who are you, Lord?” | ||
“I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting. Now get up and go into the city, and you will be told what you must do.” | “I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting. Now get up and go into the city, and you will be told what you must do.” | ||
After falling to the ground, Paul rose and opened his eyes but was unable to see. He fasted and prayed for three days. On the third day, Jesus appeared to Ananias in a vision, instructing him to find Paul. Following Jesus’ command, Ananias laid hands on Paul, and something like scales fell from Paul’s eyes, restoring his sight. Paul then received [[baptism]] in the name of Christ. This event marked a dramatic turning point in Paul’s life, leading to his conversion from Judaism to Christianity. He immediately began preaching [[Christ]] in [[Synagogue|synagogues]], converting many Jews. When the Jews conspired to kill Paul, watching the city gates day and night, the disciples helped him escape by lowering him in a large basket outside the city walls. Facing similar threats in Jerusalem, the brothers sent Paul to his hometown of Tarsus for safety. | After falling to the ground, Paul rose and opened his eyes but was unable to see. He fasted and prayed for three days. On the third day, Jesus appeared to Ananias in a vision, instructing him to find Paul. Following Jesus’ command, Ananias laid hands on Paul, and something like scales fell from Paul’s eyes, restoring his sight. Paul then received [[baptism]] in the name of Christ. This event marked a dramatic turning point in Paul’s life, leading to his conversion from Judaism to Christianity. He immediately began preaching [[Christ]] in [[The Synagogue|synagogues]], converting many Jews. When the Jews conspired to kill Paul, watching the city gates day and night, the disciples helped him escape by lowering him in a large basket outside the city walls. Facing similar threats in Jerusalem, the brothers sent Paul to his hometown of Tarsus for safety. | ||
===Barnabas and Ministry<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2011%3A19%E2%80%9326&version=NIV |title=Acts 11:19–26|publisher= |quote= }}</ref>=== | ===Barnabas and Ministry<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2011%3A19%E2%80%9326&version=NIV |title=Acts 11:19–26|publisher= |quote= }}</ref>=== | ||
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When Porcius Festus succeeded Governor Felix, the high priest and Jewish leaders brought accusations against Paul, prompting a new trial in Caesarea. The Jews alleged that Paul was the leader of the Nazarene [[Heresy|sect]] and other charges, but failed to present substantial evidence. During the trial, Paul boldly testified about Jesus. Festus, aiming to appease the Jewish leaders, proposed sending Paul to Jerusalem for trial. Paul refused and instead appealed to the Roman Emperor. King Herod Agrippa II, who was visiting Festus, expressed a desire to hear Paul’s case. Before Agrippa, Paul confidently preached about Jesus. Subsequently, Paul was dispatched to Rome to stand trial before the Emperor, as he had requested. | When Porcius Festus succeeded Governor Felix, the high priest and Jewish leaders brought accusations against Paul, prompting a new trial in Caesarea. The Jews alleged that Paul was the leader of the Nazarene [[Heresy|sect]] and other charges, but failed to present substantial evidence. During the trial, Paul boldly testified about Jesus. Festus, aiming to appease the Jewish leaders, proposed sending Paul to Jerusalem for trial. Paul refused and instead appealed to the Roman Emperor. King Herod Agrippa II, who was visiting Festus, expressed a desire to hear Paul’s case. Before Agrippa, Paul confidently preached about Jesus. Subsequently, Paul was dispatched to Rome to stand trial before the Emperor, as he had requested. | ||
===2nd Imprisonment=== | ===2nd Imprisonment=== | ||
Upon his arrival in Rome, Paul was placed under house arrest and guarded by soldiers. Despite this confinement, his commitment to evangelism remained strong. Paul called together the Jewish leaders in Rome and outlined the reasons for his presence there. Interested in his teachings, the Jewish leaders arranged to meet with Paul at his residence. Paul spent the entire day from morning until evening discussing Christ and the Scriptures. Over approximately two years, Paul continued to teach all who visited him about the [[Heaven|kingdom of God]] and [[Christ]].<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2028%3A16-31&version=NIV Acts 28:16-31].</ref> During this period, he also composed four letters—Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon—to support and encourage the saints and churches.<ref>[https://www.christianity.com/wiki/bible/what-are-the-prison-epistles.html What Are the Prison Epistles?], Christianity.com, December 17, 2019</ref> These letters were carried by Paul’s co-workers and delivered to individuals or churches. | Upon his arrival in Rome, Paul was placed under house arrest and guarded by soldiers. Despite this confinement, his commitment to evangelism remained strong. Paul called together the Jewish leaders in Rome and outlined the reasons for his presence there. Interested in his teachings, the Jewish leaders arranged to meet with Paul at his residence. Paul spent the entire day from morning until evening discussing Christ and the Scriptures. Over approximately two years, Paul continued to teach all who visited him about the [[Kingdom of Heaven|kingdom of God]] and [[Christ]].<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2028%3A16-31&version=NIV Acts 28:16-31].</ref> During this period, he also composed four letters—Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon—to support and encourage the saints and churches.<ref>[https://www.christianity.com/wiki/bible/what-are-the-prison-epistles.html What Are the Prison Epistles?], Christianity.com, December 17, 2019</ref> These letters were carried by Paul’s co-workers and delivered to individuals or churches. | ||
===Last Work=== | ===Last Work=== | ||
[[file:Mattia Preti - The Martyrdom of Saint Paul - Google Art Project.jpg |thumb|250x250px|''The Martyrdom of Paul'' by Mattia Preti, 1656–1659]] | [[file:Mattia Preti - The Martyrdom of Saint Paul - Google Art Project.jpg |thumb|250x250px|''The Martyrdom of Paul'' by Mattia Preti, 1656–1659]] | ||
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==Paul’s Influence== | ==Paul’s Influence== | ||
===Pauline Epistles=== | ===Pauline Epistles=== | ||
The New Testament, comprising a total of 27 books, is divided into 13 books written by Jesus’ disciples such as [[Peter]], [[John (Apostle)|John]], [[Luke]], and [[Matthew]], and 14 books by Paul.<ref>[https://www.biblestudy.org/apostlepaul/when-were-books-by-apostle-paul-written.html When Did Apostle Paul Write His Books?], ''Bible Study''</ref> Paul’s [[Bible|writings]] account for half of the New Testament. These writings are often referred to as the ''[[ | The New Testament, comprising a total of 27 books, is divided into 13 books written by Jesus’ disciples such as [[Peter]], [[John (Apostle)|John]], [[Luke]], and [[Matthew]], and 14 books by Paul.<ref>[https://www.biblestudy.org/apostlepaul/when-were-books-by-apostle-paul-written.html When Did Apostle Paul Write His Books?], ''Bible Study''</ref> Paul’s [[Bible|writings]] account for half of the New Testament. These writings are often referred to as the ''[[Pauline Epistles|Pauline Epistles]]'' because they are primarily in the form of letters. Paul wrote a total of 9 epistles to churches ([[Book of Romans|Romans]], [[1 Corinthians|1 Corinthians]], [[Book of 2 Corinthians|2 Corinthians]], [[Book of Galatians|Galatians]], [[Book of Ephesians|Ephesians]], [[Book of Philippians|Philippians]], [[Book of Colossians|Colossians]], [[Book of 1 Thessalonians|1 Thessalonians]], and [[Book of 2 Thessalonians|2 Thessalonians]]) and 4 epistles to individuals ([[Book of 1 Timothy|1 Timothy]], [[Book of 2 Timothy|2 Timothy]], [[Book of Titus|Titus]], and [[Book of Philemon|Philemon]]). Additionally, there is 1 epistle addressed to a specific group ([[Book of Hebrews|Hebrews]]). Depending on the intended audience or the location from which the letters were written, they are sometimes classified as '''''Pastoral Epistles''''' ([[Book of 1 Timothy|1 Timothy]], [[Book of 2 Timothy|2 Timothy]], [[Book of Titus|Titus]]) or '''''Prison Epistles''''' ([[Book of Ephesians|Ephesians]], [[Book of Philippians|Philippians]], [[Book of Colossians|Colossians]], [[Book of Philemon|Philemon]]). | ||
<small></small>{{참고|Paul’s Epistles|설명=}} | <small></small>{{참고|Paul’s Epistles|설명=}} | ||
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Paul traveled to Rome and the Mediterranean coast several times, pioneering routes that had never been taken before. His journeys were marked by relentless hardship. He endured threats of murder, severe violence, and flogging, facing dangers from cities, deserts, rivers, and seas. Additionally, he experienced deprivation, hunger, betrayal by false brethren and his own people, threats from robbers, slander from believers, and various physical ailments.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2023%3A12-14&version=NIV Acts 23:12-14].</ref><ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Corinthians%2011%3A23-28&version=NIV 2 Corinthians 11:23-28]. </ref><ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Corinthians%2012%3A7&version=NIV 2 Corinthians 12:7]</ref> Paul admitted that at times his suffering was so intense that he despaired even of life.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Corinthians%201%3A8-9&version=NIV 2 Corinthians 1:8-9]</ref> Despite these trials, he remained committed to preaching the gospel and overcame every obstacle through his reliance on God.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Philippians%204%3A12-13&version=NIV Philippians 4:12-13].</ref><ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%208%3A35%E2%80%9337&version=NIV Romans 8:35–37]</ref> His unwavering dedication to the principle, “If we live, we live to the Lord; and if we die, we die to the Lord,”<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%2014%3A8&version=NIV Romans 14:8]</ref> resulted in great outcomes wherever he traveled. | Paul traveled to Rome and the Mediterranean coast several times, pioneering routes that had never been taken before. His journeys were marked by relentless hardship. He endured threats of murder, severe violence, and flogging, facing dangers from cities, deserts, rivers, and seas. Additionally, he experienced deprivation, hunger, betrayal by false brethren and his own people, threats from robbers, slander from believers, and various physical ailments.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2023%3A12-14&version=NIV Acts 23:12-14].</ref><ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Corinthians%2011%3A23-28&version=NIV 2 Corinthians 11:23-28]. </ref><ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Corinthians%2012%3A7&version=NIV 2 Corinthians 12:7]</ref> Paul admitted that at times his suffering was so intense that he despaired even of life.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Corinthians%201%3A8-9&version=NIV 2 Corinthians 1:8-9]</ref> Despite these trials, he remained committed to preaching the gospel and overcame every obstacle through his reliance on God.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Philippians%204%3A12-13&version=NIV Philippians 4:12-13].</ref><ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%208%3A35%E2%80%9337&version=NIV Romans 8:35–37]</ref> His unwavering dedication to the principle, “If we live, we live to the Lord; and if we die, we die to the Lord,”<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%2014%3A8&version=NIV Romans 14:8]</ref> resulted in great outcomes wherever he traveled. | ||
===Passion for the Salvation of Souls=== | ===Passion for the Salvation of Souls=== | ||
Paul allocated more than half of his missionary activities to nurturing the faith of new believers. He revisited regions where he had previously faced life-threatening situations to bolster their faith. Moreover, he addressed issues with churches either by visiting them personally or by sending letters to correct practices related to [[Law of Moses|Old Testament laws]] or Jewish customs. His mission encompassed more than just preaching the gospel; he worked to create a foundation for saints to adapt to local cultures, appointed reliable overseers to guide them, and remained actively concerned with the well-being and care of the churches and their members. Paul tailored his approach to different groups: he identified with the weak to support them, aligned himself with Jewish customs to reach Jewish people, and adapted his methods to various individuals. His actions reflected a love that considered others, following the example of Jesus Christ.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Corinthians%209%3A20-23&version=NIV 1 Corinthians 9:20-23] </ref> | Paul allocated more than half of his missionary activities to nurturing the faith of new believers. He revisited regions where he had previously faced life-threatening situations to bolster their faith. Moreover, he addressed issues with churches either by visiting them personally or by sending letters to correct practices related to [[The Law of Moses|Old Testament laws]] or Jewish customs. His mission encompassed more than just preaching the gospel; he worked to create a foundation for saints to adapt to local cultures, appointed reliable overseers to guide them, and remained actively concerned with the well-being and care of the churches and their members. Paul tailored his approach to different groups: he identified with the weak to support them, aligned himself with Jewish customs to reach Jewish people, and adapted his methods to various individuals. His actions reflected a love that considered others, following the example of Jesus Christ.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Corinthians%209%3A20-23&version=NIV 1 Corinthians 9:20-23] </ref> | ||
==Related videos== | ==Related videos== | ||