The Old Testament

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[[File:Great Isaiah Scroll Ch53.jpg|thumb|Great Isaiah Scroll (Dead Sea Scrolls) (Source: [http://dss.collections.imj.org.il/isaiah The Israel Museum])]]

[[ko:Old Testament]][[File:Great Isaiah Scroll Ch53.jpg|thumb|Great Isaiah Scroll (Dead Sea Scrolls) (Source: [http://dss.collections.imj.org.il/isaiah The Israel Museum])]]The '''Old Testament''', written before the birth of [[Jesus Christ]], contains the history of the Israelites, God’s plan for salvation, and prophecies about the [[Messiah]]. There are 39 books in total, arranged in the following order: books of the law, books of history, books of poetry, and books of prophecy. The Old Testament was written over a period of about a thousand years. Its last book, [[Malachi|Malachi]], was written around 400 B.C.<ref>How Did We Get the Old Testament?, ''Zondervan Academic'', May 18, 2018</ref><ref>Who Wrote the Bible?, ''History.com'', September 26, 2023</ref><ref>The New Cambridge History of the Bible, 1 - The languages of the Old Testament, May 5, 2013, pp. 3–21</ref>

The '''Old Testament''', written before the birth of [[Jesus Christ]], contains the history of the Israelites, God’s plan for salvation, and prophecies about the [[Messiah]]. There are 39 books in total, arranged in the following order: books of the law, books of history, books of poetry, and books of prophecy. The Old Testament was written over a period of about a thousand years. Its last book, [[~~Book of~~ Malachi|Malachi]], was written around 400 B.C.<ref>How Did We Get the Old Testament?, ''Zondervan Academic'', May 18, 2018</ref><ref>Who Wrote the Bible?, ''History.com'', September 26, 2023</ref><ref>The New Cambridge History of the Bible, 1 - The languages of the Old Testament, May 5, 2013, pp. 3–21</ref>

==The Naming of the Old Testament==

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|'''Date (Approx.)'''

|- style="background: white"

|[[Moses]]

|1500 B.C.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Genesis 1], [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Exodus 1], [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Leviticus+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Leviticus 1], [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Numbers 1], [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Deuteronomy 1], ''BibleGateway''</ref>

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|1450–1400 B.C.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joshua+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Joshua 1], ''BibleGateway''</ref>

|- style="background: white"

|[[~~Book of~~ Judges|Judges]]

|[[Judges|Judges]]

|Samuel

|1000 B.C.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Judges+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Judges 1], ''BibleGateway''</ref>

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|900 B.C.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Samuel+1&version=NIV&tab=intro 1 Samuel 1], [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Samuel+1&version=NIV&tab=intro 2 Samuel 1], ''BibleGateway''</ref>

|- style="background: white"

|[[~~Book of~~ 1 Kings|1]] & [[~~Book of~~ 2 Kings|2 Kings]]

|[[1 Kings|1]] & [[2 Kings|2 Kings]]

|Unknown

|600 B.C.<ref name=":0">[https://www.biblegateway.com/blog/2016/02/when-was-each-book-of-the-bible-written/ When Was Each Book of the Bible Written?], Jonathan Petersen, February 1, 2016</ref>

|- style="background: white"

|[[~~Book of~~ 1 Chronicles|1]] & [[Book of 2 Chronicles|2 Chronicles]]

|[[1 Chronicles|1]] & [[Book of 2 Chronicles|2 Chronicles]]

|Ezra

|450 B.C.<ref name=":0" />

|- style="background: white"

|[[~~Book of~~ Ezra|Ezra]]

|[[Ezra (Bible)|Ezra]]

|Ezra

|440 B.C.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezra+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Ezra 1], ''BibleGateway''</ref>

|- style="background: white"

|[[~~Book of~~ Nehemiah|Nehemiah (Bible)]]

|[[Nehemiah (Bible)|Nehemiah (Bible)]]

|Nehemiah or Ezra

|420 B.C.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nehemiah+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Nehemiah 1], ''BibleGateway''</ref>

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|730–680 B.C.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Isaiah 1], ''BibleGateway''</ref>

|- style="background: white"

|[[~~Book of~~ Jeremiah|Jeremiah]], [[~~Book of~~ Lamentations|Lamentations]]

|[[Jeremiah (Bible)|Jeremiah]], [[Lamentations|Lamentations]]

|Jeremiah

|620–580 B.C.<ref name=":0" />

|- style="background: white"

|[[~~Book of~~ Ezekiel|Ezekiel]]

|[[Ezekiel (Bible)|Ezekiel]]

|Ezekiel

|593–570 B.C.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezekiel+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Ezekiel 1], ''BibleGateway''</ref>

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|750 B.C.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hosea+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Hosea 1], ''BibleGateway''</ref>

|- style="background: white"

|[[~~Book of~~ Joel|Joel]]

|[[Joel|Joel]]

|Joel

|8th century B.C.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joel+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Joel 1], ''BibleGateway''</ref>

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|760 B.C.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Amos+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Amos 1], ''BibleGateway''</ref>

|- style="background: white"

|[[~~Book of~~ Obadiah|Obadiah]]

|[[Obadiah|Obadiah]]

|Obadiah

|580 B.C.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Obadiah+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Obadiah 1], ''BibleGateway''</ref>

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|520–518 B.C.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Zechariah+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Zechariah 1], ''BibleGateway''</ref>

|- style="background: white"

|[[~~Book of~~ Malachi|Malachi]]

|[[Malachi|Malachi]]

|Malachi

|430 B.C.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Malachi+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Malachi 1], ''BibleGateway''</ref>

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The original Hebrew Bible does not exist, but it has been preserved through manuscripts. As the years passed by, the originals got worn out and were copied on '''parchment''' made of animal skin or [https://www.britannica.com/topic/papyrus-writing-material papyrus]. The copies are called ''manuscripts''. Some worry that the Bible was altered in the process of being copied; however, if you look at the process of making manuscripts by the Jews, you can feel confident in its accuracy.<ref>Don Stewart : Why Don’t We Possess Any of the Original Manuscripts of the Books of the Bible?, FAQ, ''Blue Letter Bible''</ref><ref>[http://dss.collections.imj.org.il/significance Nature and Significance], The Digital Dead Sea Scrolls, ''The Israel Museum, Jerusalem''</ref><ref>[https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/category/daily/biblical-artifacts/dead-sea-scrolls/ Dead Sea Scrolls], ''Biblical Archaeology Society''</ref>

In Israel, some people copied the Bible professionally; these people were called the [[~~Teacher of~~ the ~~Law~~|scribes]]. It is said that when making copies of the Bible, the parchment, ink color, and the scribes' clothing were fixed, and that the regulations of the shape and spacing of letters were also very strict. In addition, to prevent making any errors, the scribes had to read the original text aloud while transcribing, not relying on their memory. In order not to miss a single letter, they even counted the number of letters. It was then reviewed by another scribe to ensure accuracy.<ref>How Were the Scribes Who Copied the New Testament in Antiquity, and What Were Their Tools and Materials?, ''Christian Publishing House Blog''</ref><ref>Process of copying the Old Testament by Jewish Scribes, Scott Manning</ref>

In Israel, some people copied the Bible professionally; these people were called the [[Scribes in the Bible|scribes]]. It is said that when making copies of the Bible, the parchment, ink color, and the scribes' clothing were fixed, and that the regulations of the shape and spacing of letters were also very strict. In addition, to prevent making any errors, the scribes had to read the original text aloud while transcribing, not relying on their memory. In order not to miss a single letter, they even counted the number of letters. It was then reviewed by another scribe to ensure accuracy.<ref>How Were the Scribes Who Copied the New Testament in Antiquity, and What Were Their Tools and Materials?, ''Christian Publishing House Blog''</ref><ref>Process of copying the Old Testament by Jewish Scribes, Scott Manning</ref>

The accuracy of copying the Bible, however, was already verified through the comparison of various manuscripts that were written at different times. The scrolls written in 100 B.C. were discovered in the Qumran Cave near the Dead Sea in 1947. They are called the Dead Sea Scrolls or Qumran Caves Scrolls.<ref>QUMRAN: Caves and Monastery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, UNESCO, ''World Heritage Convention''</ref> The [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Masoretic-text Masoretic] Text, the oldest manuscript at that time, dates from about A.D. 900. After comparing the two scrolls, scholars found that the two were virtually identical even though there is a great time difference of a thousand years.<ref>ISAIAH, Henry H. Halley, Halley's Bible Handbook An Abbreviated Bible Commentary, pg. 286</ref><ref>A History of the Masoretic Hebrew Texts (Video), ''Ancient Hebrew Research Center''</ref>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[File:Great Isaiah Scroll Ch53.jpg|thumb|Great Isaiah Scroll (Dead Sea Scrolls) (Source: [http://dss.collections.imj.org.il/isaiah The Israel Museum])]]
+<!-- interlanguage:start -->[[ko:Old Testament]]<!-- interlanguage:end -->[[File:Great Isaiah Scroll Ch53.jpg|thumb|Great Isaiah Scroll (Dead Sea Scrolls) (Source: [http://dss.collections.imj.org.il/isaiah The Israel Museum])]]The '''Old Testament''', written before the birth of [[Jesus Christ]], contains the history of the Israelites, God’s plan for salvation, and prophecies about the [[Messiah]]. There are 39 books in total, arranged in the following order: books of the law, books of history, books of poetry, and books of prophecy. The Old Testament was written over a period of about a thousand years. Its last book, [[Malachi|Malachi]], was written around 400 B.C.<ref>How Did We Get the Old Testament?, ''Zondervan Academic'', May 18, 2018</ref><ref>Who Wrote the Bible?, ''History.com'', September 26, 2023</ref><ref>The New Cambridge History of the Bible, 1 - The languages of the Old Testament, May 5, 2013, pp. 3–21</ref>
-The '''Old Testament''', written before the birth of [[Jesus Christ]], contains the history of the Israelites, God’s plan for salvation, and prophecies about the [[Messiah]]. There are 39 books in total, arranged in the following order: books of the law, books of history, books of poetry, and books of prophecy. The Old Testament was written over a period of about a thousand years. Its last book, [[Book of Malachi|Malachi]], was written around 400 B.C.<ref>How Did We Get the Old Testament?, ''Zondervan Academic'', May 18, 2018</ref><ref>Who Wrote the Bible?, ''History.com'', September 26, 2023</ref><ref>The New Cambridge History of the Bible, 1 - The languages of the Old Testament, May 5, 2013, pp. 3–21</ref>
 ==The Naming of the Old Testament==
@@ Line 17: / Line 16: @@
 |'''Date (Approx.)'''
 |- style="background: white"
-|[[Genesis|Genesis]], [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]],  [[Book of Leviticus|Leviticus]], [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]], [[Book of Deuteronomy|Deuteronomy]]
+|[[Genesis|Genesis]], [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]],  [[Book of Leviticus|Leviticus]], [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]], [[Deuteronomy|Deuteronomy]]
 |[[Moses]]
 |1500 B.C.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Genesis 1], [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Exodus 1], [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Leviticus+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Leviticus 1], [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Numbers 1], [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Deuteronomy 1], ''BibleGateway''</ref>
@@ Line 25: / Line 24: @@
 |1450–1400 B.C.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joshua+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Joshua 1], ''BibleGateway''</ref>
 |- style="background: white"
-|[[Book of Judges|Judges]]
+|[[Judges|Judges]]
 |Samuel
 |1000 B.C.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Judges+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Judges 1], ''BibleGateway''</ref>
@@ Line 37: / Line 36: @@
 |900 B.C.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Samuel+1&version=NIV&tab=intro 1 Samuel 1], [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Samuel+1&version=NIV&tab=intro 2 Samuel 1], ''BibleGateway''</ref>
 |- style="background: white"
-|[[Book of 1 Kings|1]] & [[Book of 2 Kings|2 Kings]]
+|[[1 Kings|1]] & [[2 Kings|2 Kings]]
 |Unknown
 |600 B.C.<ref name=":0">[https://www.biblegateway.com/blog/2016/02/when-was-each-book-of-the-bible-written/ When Was Each Book of the Bible Written?], Jonathan Petersen, February 1, 2016</ref>
 |- style="background: white"
-|[[Book of 1 Chronicles|1]] & [[Book of 2 Chronicles|2  Chronicles]]
+|[[1 Chronicles|1]] & [[Book of 2 Chronicles|2  Chronicles]]
 |Ezra
 |450 B.C.<ref name=":0" />
 |- style="background: white"
-|[[Book of Ezra|Ezra]]
+|[[Ezra (Bible)|Ezra]]
 |Ezra
 |440 B.C.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezra+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Ezra 1], ''BibleGateway''</ref>
 |- style="background: white"
-|[[Book of Nehemiah|Nehemiah (Bible)]]
+|[[Nehemiah (Bible)|Nehemiah (Bible)]]
 |Nehemiah or Ezra
 |420 B.C.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nehemiah+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Nehemiah 1], ''BibleGateway''</ref>
@@ Line 73: / Line 72: @@
 |730–680 B.C.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Isaiah 1], ''BibleGateway''</ref>
 |- style="background: white"
-|[[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]], [[Book of Lamentations|Lamentations]]
+|[[Jeremiah (Bible)|Jeremiah]], [[Lamentations|Lamentations]]
 |Jeremiah
 |620–580 B.C.<ref name=":0" />
 |- style="background: white"
-|[[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]]
+|[[Ezekiel (Bible)|Ezekiel]]
 |Ezekiel
 |593–570 B.C.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezekiel+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Ezekiel 1], ''BibleGateway''</ref>
@@ Line 89: / Line 88: @@
 |750 B.C.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hosea+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Hosea 1], ''BibleGateway''</ref>
 |- style="background: white"
-|[[Book of Joel|Joel]]
+|[[Joel|Joel]]
 |Joel
 |8th century B.C.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joel+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Joel 1], ''BibleGateway''</ref>
@@ Line 97: / Line 96: @@
 |760 B.C.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Amos+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Amos 1], ''BibleGateway''</ref>
 |- style="background: white"
-|[[Book of Obadiah|Obadiah]]
+|[[Obadiah|Obadiah]]
 |Obadiah
 |580 B.C.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Obadiah+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Obadiah 1], ''BibleGateway''</ref>
@@ Line 129: / Line 128: @@
 |520–518 B.C.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Zechariah+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Zechariah 1], ''BibleGateway''</ref>
 |- style="background: white"
-|[[Book of Malachi|Malachi]]
+|[[Malachi|Malachi]]
 |Malachi
 |430 B.C.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Malachi+1&version=NIV&tab=intro Malachi 1], ''BibleGateway''</ref>
@@ Line 168: / Line 167: @@
 The original Hebrew Bible does not exist, but it has been preserved through manuscripts. As the years passed by, the originals got worn out and were copied on '''parchment''' made of animal skin or [https://www.britannica.com/topic/papyrus-writing-material papyrus]. The copies are called ''manuscripts''. Some worry that the Bible was altered in the process of being copied; however, if you look at the process of making manuscripts by the Jews, you can feel confident in its accuracy.<ref>Don Stewart : Why Don’t We Possess Any of the Original Manuscripts of the Books of the Bible?, FAQ, ''Blue Letter Bible''</ref><ref>[http://dss.collections.imj.org.il/significance Nature and Significance], The Digital Dead Sea Scrolls, ''The Israel Museum, Jerusalem''</ref><ref>[https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/category/daily/biblical-artifacts/dead-sea-scrolls/ Dead Sea Scrolls], ''Biblical Archaeology Society''</ref>
-In Israel, some people copied the Bible professionally; these people were called the [[Teacher of the Law|scribes]]. It is said that when making copies of the Bible, the parchment, ink color, and the scribes' clothing were fixed, and that the regulations of the shape and spacing of letters were also very strict. In addition, to prevent making any errors, the scribes had to read the original text aloud while transcribing, not relying on their memory. In order not to miss a single letter, they even counted the number of letters. It was then reviewed by another scribe to ensure accuracy.<ref>How Were the Scribes Who Copied the New Testament in Antiquity, and What Were Their Tools and Materials?, ''Christian Publishing House Blog''</ref><ref>Process of copying the Old Testament by Jewish Scribes, Scott Manning</ref>
+In Israel, some people copied the Bible professionally; these people were called the [[Scribes in the Bible|scribes]]. It is said that when making copies of the Bible, the parchment, ink color, and the scribes' clothing were fixed, and that the regulations of the shape and spacing of letters were also very strict. In addition, to prevent making any errors, the scribes had to read the original text aloud while transcribing, not relying on their memory. In order not to miss a single letter, they even counted the number of letters. It was then reviewed by another scribe to ensure accuracy.<ref>How Were the Scribes Who Copied the New Testament in Antiquity, and What Were Their Tools and Materials?, ''Christian Publishing House Blog''</ref><ref>Process of copying the Old Testament by Jewish Scribes, Scott Manning</ref>
 The accuracy of copying the Bible, however, was already verified through the comparison of various manuscripts that were written at different times. The scrolls written in 100 B.C. were discovered in the Qumran Cave near the Dead Sea in 1947. They are called the Dead Sea Scrolls or Qumran Caves Scrolls.<ref>QUMRAN: Caves and Monastery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, UNESCO, ''World Heritage Convention''</ref> The [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Masoretic-text Masoretic] Text, the oldest manuscript at that time, dates from about A.D. 900. After comparing the two scrolls, scholars found that the two were virtually identical even though there is a great time difference of a thousand years.<ref>ISAIAH, Henry H. Halley, Halley's Bible Handbook An Abbreviated Bible Commentary, pg. 286</ref><ref>A History of the Masoretic Hebrew Texts (Video), ''Ancient Hebrew Research Center''</ref>

The Old Testament: Difference between revisions