Babylon: Difference between revisions
Created page with "{{틀:성경지명 |그림= 섬네일|가운데|View of the ancient city of Babylon |title=Babylon |행정구역=Capital of ancient Babylonia |위치=Mesopotamia<br>On the banks of the Euphrates River, approximately 89 km south of Baghdad |특징=The center of western Asian civilization,<br>a symbol of the false church opposing God }} '''Babylon''' was an ancient city in Mesopotamia, often referenced in the Bible to signify Babylo..." |
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{{틀:성경지명 | {{틀:성경지명 | ||
|그림= [[file:Ancient City of Babylon.jpg| | |그림= [[file:Ancient City of Babylon.jpg|thumb|center|View of the ancient city of Babylon]] | ||
|title=Babylon | |title=Babylon | ||
|행정구역=Capital of ancient Babylonia | |행정구역=Capital of ancient Babylonia | ||
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===Ruins=== | ===Ruins=== | ||
[[file:Babylon 2628.png| | [[file:Babylon 2628.png|thumb|257x257px|Map of the City of Babylon]] | ||
[[file:Lion of babylon.jpg| | [[file:Lion of babylon.jpg|thumb|250x250px|The lion is the symbolic animal of Babylon. This statue depicts a lion trampling a person.<ref>[https://artsandculture.google.com/story/iAVRt2M6VEvZIQ Ancient Iraq: Lion of Babylon,] ''Google Arts & Culture''</ref>]] | ||
German archaeologist Robert Johann Koldewey excavated the ruins of Babylon for about 15 years, beginning in 1899. The city of Babylon was a massive fortress, with wall thickness ranging from 11.58 meters to 23.5 meters (approx. 38 feet to 77.1 feet). The city walls had a circumference of 96 kilometers (60 miles), with each side measuring 24 kilometers (15 miles) and reaching a height of 100 meters (328 feet). Each wall contained more than 100 gates. The Euphrates River flowed both inside and outside the city, providing water while also serving as a barrier against external invasions. | German archaeologist Robert Johann Koldewey excavated the ruins of Babylon for about 15 years, beginning in 1899. The city of Babylon was a massive fortress, with wall thickness ranging from 11.58 meters to 23.5 meters (approx. 38 feet to 77.1 feet). The city walls had a circumference of 96 kilometers (60 miles), with each side measuring 24 kilometers (15 miles) and reaching a height of 100 meters (328 feet). Each wall contained more than 100 gates. The Euphrates River flowed both inside and outside the city, providing water while also serving as a barrier against external invasions. | ||
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===Old Babylonian Empire (Amorite Dynasty)=== | ===Old Babylonian Empire (Amorite Dynasty)=== | ||
[[file:Babylone 1.PNG| | [[file:Babylone 1.PNG|thumb|300x300px|The kingdom of the Old Babylonian Empire]] | ||
Around the 21st century B.C., the Amorites, who lived a nomadic lifestyle near the Mediterranean coastal region of Canaan, advanced into the Mesopotamian plain and established the cities of Isin and Larsa.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%2014%3A9&version=NIV Genesis 14:9]</ref><ref>A Basic Bible Dictionary, Michael Counsell, ''Canterbury Press'', 2004, pg.165</ref> In the early 19th century B.C., a group that had gained independence from Isin founded the Amorite dynasty (the First Babylonian Empire), centered around the city of Babylon along the banks of the Euphrates River. The Amorite dynasty expanded its territory by conquering surrounding cities. | Around the 21st century B.C., the Amorites, who lived a nomadic lifestyle near the Mediterranean coastal region of Canaan, advanced into the Mesopotamian plain and established the cities of Isin and Larsa.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%2014%3A9&version=NIV Genesis 14:9]</ref><ref>A Basic Bible Dictionary, Michael Counsell, ''Canterbury Press'', 2004, pg.165</ref> In the early 19th century B.C., a group that had gained independence from Isin founded the Amorite dynasty (the First Babylonian Empire), centered around the city of Babylon along the banks of the Euphrates River. The Amorite dynasty expanded its territory by conquering surrounding cities. | ||
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Following this period, the Kassite dynasty (Kassites) came to power in Babylon. The Kassites established a peace treaty with the [[Assyria|Assyrians]] (Neo-Assyrian Empire), who were expanding their influence at the time, in an effort to revive the Babylonian Empire. However, Assyria, which had grown into a powerful empire based on iron, broke the peace treaty and invaded Babylon in 728 B.C., completely occupying the city. Approximately 150,000 Babylonians were forcibly relocated to Assyria, and Babylon was destroyed. Subsequently, the Second Dynasty of Isin (the Fourth Babylonian Dynasty) succeeded Babylon, but it remained under Assyrian rule, enduring severe oppression. | Following this period, the Kassite dynasty (Kassites) came to power in Babylon. The Kassites established a peace treaty with the [[Assyria|Assyrians]] (Neo-Assyrian Empire), who were expanding their influence at the time, in an effort to revive the Babylonian Empire. However, Assyria, which had grown into a powerful empire based on iron, broke the peace treaty and invaded Babylon in 728 B.C., completely occupying the city. Approximately 150,000 Babylonians were forcibly relocated to Assyria, and Babylon was destroyed. Subsequently, the Second Dynasty of Isin (the Fourth Babylonian Dynasty) succeeded Babylon, but it remained under Assyrian rule, enduring severe oppression. | ||
===Neo-Babylonian Empire (Chaldean Dynasty)=== | ===Neo-Babylonian Empire (Chaldean Dynasty)=== | ||
[[file:Empire neo babylonien.png| | [[file:Empire neo babylonien.png|thumb|295x295px|Territory of the Neo-Babylonian Empire]] | ||
Around 625 B.C., as Assyria’s power waned during the reign of King Ashurbanipal, Nabopolassar of Chaldea declared independence in the city of Babylon and became the first king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Around 612 B.C., Babylon allied with Media to capture [[Nineveh]], the capital of Assyria, securing a decisive victory. [[Nebuchadnezzar]] II (reigned 605–562 BC), the son of Nabopolassar, ascended the throne and led the Neo-Babylonian Empire into its golden age. | Around 625 B.C., as Assyria’s power waned during the reign of King Ashurbanipal, Nabopolassar of Chaldea declared independence in the city of Babylon and became the first king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Around 612 B.C., Babylon allied with Media to capture [[Nineveh]], the capital of Assyria, securing a decisive victory. [[Nebuchadnezzar]] II (reigned 605–562 BC), the son of Nabopolassar, ascended the throne and led the Neo-Babylonian Empire into its golden age. | ||
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:The Assyrians, who held dominance in the region, destroyed the northern kingdom of Israel and invaded the southern kingdom of Judah. Judah, which observed the [[Passover]], achieved victory with God’s help by defeating 185,000 Assyrian soldiers in a single night. However, soon after, King [[Hezekiah]] fell gravely ill and was near death. As he wept and prayed, God heard his prayer and granted him an additional 15 years of life.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+38%3A2-6&version=NIV |title=Isaiah 38:2–6 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> When King Merodach-Baladan of Babylon heard the news of Hezekiah’s recovery, he sent envoys to Judah.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+39%3A1&version=NIV |title=Isaiah 39:1 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> Delighted, Hezekiah showed the envoys all the treasures of Judah, including the storerooms of the kingdom’s wealth and its armory.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+39%3A2&version=NIV |title=Isaiah 39:2 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> As a result, the prophet [[Isaiah]] prophesied, “Everything in your palace, and all that your predecessors have stored up until this day, will be carried off to Babylon. And some of your descendants, who will be born to you, will be taken away, and they will become eunuchs in the palace of the king of Babylon.”<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+39%3A6-7&version=NIV |title=Isaiah 39:6–7 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> | :The Assyrians, who held dominance in the region, destroyed the northern kingdom of Israel and invaded the southern kingdom of Judah. Judah, which observed the [[Passover]], achieved victory with God’s help by defeating 185,000 Assyrian soldiers in a single night. However, soon after, King [[Hezekiah]] fell gravely ill and was near death. As he wept and prayed, God heard his prayer and granted him an additional 15 years of life.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+38%3A2-6&version=NIV |title=Isaiah 38:2–6 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> When King Merodach-Baladan of Babylon heard the news of Hezekiah’s recovery, he sent envoys to Judah.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+39%3A1&version=NIV |title=Isaiah 39:1 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> Delighted, Hezekiah showed the envoys all the treasures of Judah, including the storerooms of the kingdom’s wealth and its armory.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+39%3A2&version=NIV |title=Isaiah 39:2 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> As a result, the prophet [[Isaiah]] prophesied, “Everything in your palace, and all that your predecessors have stored up until this day, will be carried off to Babylon. And some of your descendants, who will be born to you, will be taken away, and they will become eunuchs in the palace of the king of Babylon.”<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+39%3A6-7&version=NIV |title=Isaiah 39:6–7 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> | ||
*'''Jehoiakim Gives Babylon a Justification for Invasion''' | *'''Jehoiakim Gives Babylon a Justification for Invasion''' | ||
[[file:Francesco Conti - Death of King Josiah.jpg | | [[file:Francesco Conti - Death of King Josiah.jpg |thumb| 200px |''Death of King Josiah'' by Francesco Conti]] | ||
:After King [[Josiah]] was killed in the Battle of Megiddo against Egypt,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Chronicles+35%3A20-24&version=NIV |title=2 Chronicles 35:20–24 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> his son Jehoahaz ascended to the throne of Judah. However, after [[Pharaoh]] Necho was defeated by Babylon at the Battle of Carchemish and retreated, he executed Jehoahaz and installed Jehoiakim as king.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Chronicles+36%3A1-4&version=NIV |title=2 Chronicles 36:1–4 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> In the early years of his reign, Jehoiakim served Egypt, but as pressure from Babylon increased, he began paying tribute to Babylon. However, after three years, he returned to his allegiance to Egypt. In response, Babylon, along with the allied forces of Aram, Moab, and Ammon, invaded Judah. | :After King [[Josiah]] was killed in the Battle of Megiddo against Egypt,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Chronicles+35%3A20-24&version=NIV |title=2 Chronicles 35:20–24 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> his son Jehoahaz ascended to the throne of Judah. However, after [[Pharaoh]] Necho was defeated by Babylon at the Battle of Carchemish and retreated, he executed Jehoahaz and installed Jehoiakim as king.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Chronicles+36%3A1-4&version=NIV |title=2 Chronicles 36:1–4 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> In the early years of his reign, Jehoiakim served Egypt, but as pressure from Babylon increased, he began paying tribute to Babylon. However, after three years, he returned to his allegiance to Egypt. In response, Babylon, along with the allied forces of Aram, Moab, and Ammon, invaded Judah. | ||
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===Fall of Babylon=== | ===Fall of Babylon=== | ||
*'''Belshazzar, the Last King of Babylon''' | *'''Belshazzar, the Last King of Babylon''' | ||
[[file:Belshazzar's Feast.jpg | | [[file:Belshazzar's Feast.jpg |thumb| 200px |''Belshazzar’s Feast'' by Rembrandt]] | ||
:King [[Belshazzar]] held a grand banquet and used the sacred vessels taken from the Jerusalem temple as drinking cups, praising various gods.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Daniel+5%3A1-4&version=NIV |title=Daniel 5:1–4 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> However, during the feast, a human hand suddenly appeared and wrote the words, “Mene, Mene, Tekel, Parsin.” This was a revelation from God indicating that Belshazzar’s time had ended and that his kingdom would be given to the Medes and Persians.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Daniel+5%3A25-28&version=NIV |title=Daniel 5:25–28 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> That night, Belshazzar was killed, and Babylon fell to the army of King Cyrus of Persia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Daniel+5%3A30-31&version=NIV |title=Daniel 5:30–31 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> | :King [[Belshazzar]] held a grand banquet and used the sacred vessels taken from the Jerusalem temple as drinking cups, praising various gods.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Daniel+5%3A1-4&version=NIV |title=Daniel 5:1–4 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> However, during the feast, a human hand suddenly appeared and wrote the words, “Mene, Mene, Tekel, Parsin.” This was a revelation from God indicating that Belshazzar’s time had ended and that his kingdom would be given to the Medes and Persians.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Daniel+5%3A25-28&version=NIV |title=Daniel 5:25–28 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> That night, Belshazzar was killed, and Babylon fell to the army of King Cyrus of Persia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Daniel+5%3A30-31&version=NIV |title=Daniel 5:30–31 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> | ||
*'''Cyrus’ Conquest of Babylon and the Liberation of the Captives''' | *'''Cyrus’ Conquest of Babylon and the Liberation of the Captives''' | ||
