Enciclopedia de conocimiento de la Iglesia de Dios

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[[archivo:Nazaret Kirke Copenhagen altar.jpg|miniatura|The cross on the altar in a Catholic Church in Denmark]]
[[archivo:Nazaret Kirke Copenhagen altar.jpg|miniatura|La cruz en el altar de una iglesia católica en Dinamarca.]]
'''Cross''' is an image that most Christian churches use as a symbol of Christianity. However, it was not first introduced as a symbol of faith after [[Suffering on the Cross|Christ’s crucifixion]], but it had been worshiped in pagan religions since ancient times. The cross-shaped frame was also used as the execution tool for the death row inmates in the ancient Near East.
La '''cruz''' es una imagen que la mayoría de las iglesias cristianas usan como símbolo del cristianismo. Sin embargo, no se introdujo por primera vez como símbolo de fe después de la [[La cruz y el sufrimiento|crucifixión de Cristo]], ya que se había venerado en religiones paganas desde la antigüedad. El marco en forma de cruz también se utilizaba como instrumento de ejecución para los condenados a muerte en el antiguo Oriente Próximo.


[[Jesus Christ]] was crucified on the hill of Golgotha outside Jerusalem to atone for the sins of mankind on the [[Feast of Unleavened Bread]], which fell on the day before the [[Sabbath]]. For the members of the early Church, there was no possibility that the cross would be used as a symbol of faith because it was an execution tool for not only Jesus Christ but also many church members. According to the Bible and the history of Christianity, there is no record of the early Church using the cross as a symbol of faith. It was said that the cross, which was a symbol of pagan religions and used for a death sentence, began to be established in the church in the fourth century as the church became secularized and the truth was changed.<ref>{{인용 |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/cross-religious-symbol |título= Cross |cita= |sitioweb=Britannica}}</ref>
Hace unos dos mil años, [[Jesucristo]] fue crucificado en la colina del Gólgota, a las afueras de Jerusalén, para expiar los pecados de la humanidad, un viernes, en la [[Fiesta de los Panes sin Levadura]], que cayó en la víspera del [[Día de Reposo]]. Para los miembros de la Iglesia primitiva, no existía la posibilidad de que la cruz se utilizara como símbolo de fe, ya que era un instrumento de ejecución no solo para Jesucristo, sino también para muchos miembros de la iglesia. Según la Biblia y la historia del cristianismo, no hay ningún registro de que la Iglesia primitiva utilizara la cruz como un símbolo de fe. Se decía que la cruz, símbolo de las religiones paganas y usada para una sentencia de muerte, empezó a establecerse en la iglesia en el siglo {{작은 대문자|iv}}, al secularizarse y cambiar la verdad<ref>{{인용 |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/cross-religious-symbol |título= Cross |cita= |sitioweb=Britannica}}</ref>


==Origin and Use of the Cross==
==Origen y uso de la cruz==
===Worship Tools===
===Instrumentos de culto===
[[archivo:Egypt.KV43.01.jpg|miniatura|The tomb of Thutmose IV in the Valley of the Kings, Luxor, Egypt]]
[[archivo:Egypt.KV43.01.jpg|miniatura|La tumba de Tutmosis IV en el Valle de los Reyes, Luxor, Egipto.]]
Originally, the cross was an instrument of worship widely used in various ancient civilizations. The cross shape with two woods is known to be originated from worshiping Tammuz in ancient Babylon.  
Originalmente, la cruz era un instrumento de culto muy utilizado en diversas civilizaciones antiguas. La forma de cruz con dos maderos tiene su origen en el culto a Tamuz en la antigua Babilonia.


{{quote |The shape of the latter [cross] had its origin in ancient Chaldea, and was used as the symbol of the god Tammuz (being in the shape of the mystic Tau, the initial of his name) in that country and in adjacent lands, including Egypt."|''Vine's Annotated Dictionary of Old and New Testaments'', William Edwy Vine, Thomas Nelson Incorporated}}
{{quote |La forma de esta última [la cruz] tuvo su origen en la antigua Caldea, y se utilizaba como símbolo del dios Tamuz (que tenía la forma de la mística Tau, la inicial de su nombre) en aquel país y en los países adyacentes, incluyendo Egipto.|''Diccionario Expositivo de palabras del Antiguo y Nuevo Testamento exhaustivo de Vine'', William Edwy Vine, Grupo Nelson}}


Crosses were also found on temples and tombstones of kings in the ancient Egypt. In the Valley of the Kings, Luxor, Egypt, a historical site of royal tombs made during the New Kingdom in Ancient Egypt (1570–1070 B.C.), you can find murals depicting ''Ankh'', a cross with a loop.<ref>[[commons:File:Looking_out_from_Ramses_V_VI_tomb_in_Valley_of_Kings_on_West_Bank_of_Luxor_Egypt.jpg|Looking out from Ramses V_VI tomb in Valley of Kings on West Bank of Luxor Egypt]], ''Wikimedia''</ref><ref>[[commons:File:KV17,_the_tomb_of_Pharaoh_Seti_I_of_the_Nineteenth_Dynasty,_Valley_of_the_Kings,_Egypt_(49845804653).jpg|KV17, the tomb of Pharaoh Seti I of the Nineteenth Dynasty, Valley of the Kings, Egypt]], ''Wikimedia''</ref> On the back of a coin, which is believed to be used at Veritus, Phoenicia (now Beirut, Lebanon), the goddess Astarte, which was worshiped by the Phoenicians, is holding a cross.<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_1994-0915-190 Coin], ''The British Museum''</ref> In the ruins of Assyria, Ashurnasirpal II, who reigned in 883–859 B.C., was depicted with a cross around his neck on one of the stone tombs.<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1851-0902-32 Stela], ''The British Museum''</ref> Thus, the worship of the cross was a religious custom in ancient countries a long time before Jesus Christ was sacrificed on the cross.
Las cruces también se encontraban en los templos y lápidas de los reyes del antiguo Egipto. En el Valle de los Reyes, Luxor, Egipto, un lugar histórico de tumbas reales realizadas durante el Imperio Nuevo en el antiguo Egipto (1570-1070 a. C.), se pueden encontrar murales representando el ''Anj'', una cruz con un lazo.<ref>[[commons:File:Looking_out_from_Ramses_V_VI_tomb_in_Valley_of_Kings_on_West_Bank_of_Luxor_Egypt.jpg|Looking out from Ramses V_VI tomb in Valley of Kings on West Bank of Luxor Egypt]], ''Wikimedia''</ref><ref>[[commons:File:KV17,_the_tomb_of_Pharaoh_Seti_I_of_the_Nineteenth_Dynasty,_Valley_of_the_Kings,_Egypt_(49845804653).jpg|KV17, the tomb of Pharaoh Seti I of the Nineteenth Dynasty, Valley of the Kings, Egypt]], ''Wikimedia''</ref> En el reverso de una moneda, cuyo uso se atribuye a Veritus, Fenicia (actual Beirut, Líbano), la diosa Astarté, adorada por los fenicios, sostiene una cruz.<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_1994-0915-190 Coin], ''The British Museum''</ref> En las ruinas de Asiria, Asurnasirpal II, quien reinó entre 883-859 a. C., fue representado con una cruz alrededor del cuello en una de las tumbas de piedra.<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1851-0902-32 Stela], ''The British Museum''</ref> De ese modo, el culto a la cruz era una costumbre religiosa en los países antiguos mucho antes de que Jesucristo fuera sacrificado en la cruz.


===Execution Tools===
===Herramientas de ejecución===
The cross is a frame used to crucify and execute criminals in the ancient West from around the 6th century B.C. to the 4th century A.D.<ref>{{인용 |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/crucifixion/ |título= Crucifixion|sitioweb=WORLD HISTORY ENCYCLOPEDIA |editorial= |fecha= |año= |autor= |serie= |isbn= |cita= }}</ref><ref>{{cita web |url=https://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionaries/smiths-bible-dictionary/cross.html |título=Cross |sitioweb=Bible Study Tools |editorial=  |fecha= |año= |autor= |página= |serie= |isbn= |cita= }}</ref> It is presumed that the people who first invented the crucifixion were Phoenicians of Carthage or Persians, and it influenced on ancient Babylon (Babylonia), Egypt, and Assyria. Alexander the Great learned about crucifixion in Persia and spread it to Greece, and after the Romans won the Second Punic War, they learned from the Phoenicians of Carthage and used it in the Roman Empire. Later, in the Roman Empire, crucifixion was used as the most brutal and harsh death penalty method for criminals. Crucifixion was executed by crucifixion or tying up condemned prisoners, and Rome was mainly used to punish heinous criminals, traitors, and slaves. Crucifixion was one of the most cruel and shameful punishments. The Criminal Code compiled by Roman lawyer Julius Paulus lists three types of punishment as the most brutal form of punishment in the Roman era, the first of which is crucifixion. The Roman statesman Cicero described crucifixion as “he most cruel and disgusting penalty,” and the Jewish historian Josephus described it as “the most wretched of deaths.”<ref>{{cita web |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14750495/ |título=The history and pathology of crucifixion |cita= |sitioweb=National Library of MedicinePub Med|fecha=December 2003}}</ref>  
La cruz es un armazón utilizado para crucificar y ejecutar criminales en el antiguo Occidente desde alrededor del siglo {{작은 대문자|vi}} a. C. hasta el siglo {{작은 대문자|iv}} d. C.<ref>{{인용 |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/crucifixion/ |título= Crucifixion|sitioweb=WORLD HISTORY ENCYCLOPEDIA |editorial= |fecha= |año= |autor= |serie= |isbn= |cita= }}</ref><ref>{{cita web |url=https://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionaries/smiths-bible-dictionary/cross.html |título=Cross |sitioweb=Bible Study Tools |editorial=  |fecha= |año= |autor= |página= |serie= |isbn= |cita= }}</ref> It is presumed that the people who first invented the crucifixion were Phoenicians of Carthage or Persians, and it influenced on ancient Babylon (Babylonia), Egypt, and Assyria. Alexander the Great learned about crucifixion in Persia and spread it to Greece, and after the Romans won the Second Punic War, they learned from the Phoenicians of Carthage and used it in the Roman Empire. Later, in the Roman Empire, crucifixion was used as the most brutal and harsh death penalty method for criminals. Crucifixion was executed by crucifixion or tying up condemned prisoners, and Rome was mainly used to punish heinous criminals, traitors, and slaves. Crucifixion was one of the most cruel and shameful punishments. The Criminal Code compiled by Roman lawyer Julius Paulus lists three types of punishment as the most brutal form of punishment in the Roman era, the first of which is crucifixion. The Roman statesman Cicero described crucifixion as “he most cruel and disgusting penalty,” and the Jewish historian Josephus described it as “the most wretched of deaths.”<ref>{{cita web |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14750495/ |título=The history and pathology of crucifixion |cita= |sitioweb=National Library of MedicinePub Med|fecha=December 2003}}</ref>  


There were various methods of performing the execution. Usually, the condemned man, after being whipped, dragged the crossbeam of his cross to the place of punishment, where the upright shaft was already fixed in the ground. He was bound fast with outstretched arms to the crossbeam or nailed firmly to it through the wrists. The crossbeam was then raised high against the upright shaft and made fast to it about 9 to 12 feet (approximately 3 meters) from the ground. Next, the feet were tightly bound or nailed to the upright shaft.
There were various methods of performing the execution. Usually, the condemned man, after being whipped, dragged the crossbeam of his cross to the place of punishment, where the upright shaft was already fixed in the ground. He was bound fast with outstretched arms to the crossbeam or nailed firmly to it through the wrists. The crossbeam was then raised high against the upright shaft and made fast to it about 9 to 12 feet (approximately 3 meters) from the ground. Next, the feet were tightly bound or nailed to the upright shaft.
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