Council of Nicaea: Difference between revisions
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[[ | <!-- interlanguage:start -->[[ko:니케아 공의회 (니케아 종교회의)]][[vi:Công đồng Nicaea (Hội nghị tôn giáo Nicaea)]]<!-- interlanguage:end -->The '''Council of Nicaea''' is a world ecumenical council<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/council-Christianity Council], ''Britannica''</ref> held in [https://www.google.com/maps/place/%ED%84%B0%ED%82%A4+%EB%B6%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%82%AC+%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%88%EB%8B%88%ED%81%AC+%EB%8B%88%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84/@40.4304772,29.6972329,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x14cb0bc05d7864f5:0x17b677c58432bec8!8m2!3d40.429524!4d29.719743 Nicaea (now Iznik in Türkiye)], Asia Minor. The Council of Nicaea was held twice in 325 and 787. The first council was convened by the Roman Emperor [[Constantine I]] (Latin: Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus, reigned 306–337), which was the first synod of the Roman Catholic Church. The main agendas were the [[The Paschal Controversy (The Passover Controversy)|Paschal controversy]] and the [[Arianism|Arian controversy]]. In 787, Empress Irene of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) convened the second council and approved the veneration of [https://www.britannica.com/topic/icon-religious-art icons]. In general, the Council of Nicaea refers to the first council, which has great significance in history. | ||
The '''Council of Nicaea''' is a world ecumenical council<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/council-Christianity Council], ''Britannica''</ref> held in [https://www.google.com/maps/place/%ED%84%B0%ED%82%A4+%EB%B6%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%82%AC+%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%88%EB%8B%88%ED%81%AC+%EB%8B%88%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84/@40.4304772,29.6972329,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x14cb0bc05d7864f5:0x17b677c58432bec8!8m2!3d40.429524!4d29.719743 Nicaea (now Iznik in Türkiye)], Asia Minor. The Council of Nicaea was held twice in 325 and 787. The first council was convened by the Roman Emperor [[Constantine I]] (Latin: Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus, reigned 306–337), which was the first synod of the Roman Catholic Church. The main agendas were the [[The Paschal Controversy (The Passover Controversy)|Paschal controversy]] and the [[Arianism|Arian controversy]]. In 787, Empress Irene of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) convened the second council and approved the veneration of [https://www.britannica.com/topic/icon-religious-art icons]. In general, the Council of Nicaea refers to the first council, which has | |||
The | The Ecumenical Council (Latin: Concilium Ecumenicum), also known as the World Councils, were gatherings of bishops convened to discuss and resolve matters of doctrine and heresy. Historically, seven of these councils were held. | ||
The First Council of Nicaea (325), the First [https://www.britannica.com/event/First-Council-of-Constantinople-381 Council of Constantinople] (381), the [https://www.britannica.com/event/councils-of-Ephesus Council of Ephesus] (431), the [https://www.britannica.com/event/Council-of-Chalcedon Council of Chalcedon] (451), the Second Council of Constantinople (553), the Third Council of Constantinople (680), and the Second Council of Nicaea (787). Coincidentally, the first and the last of the seven great councils of the world were held in Nicaea. | The First Council of Nicaea (325), the First [https://www.britannica.com/event/First-Council-of-Constantinople-381 Council of Constantinople] (381), the [https://www.britannica.com/event/councils-of-Ephesus Council of Ephesus] (431), the [https://www.britannica.com/event/Council-of-Chalcedon Council of Chalcedon] (451), the Second Council of Constantinople (553), the Third Council of Constantinople (680), and the Second Council of Nicaea (787). Coincidentally, the first and the last of the seven great councils of the world were held in Nicaea. | ||
==Background== | ==Background== | ||
[[File:Nikea-arius.png| | [[File:Nikea-arius.png|thumb|''Icon'' from the Mégalo Metéoron ''Monastery'' in Greece, ''representing the First'' Ecumenical ''Council of Nicaea'' in 325]] | ||
The First Council of Nicaea took place in May 325 at the palace of the Roman Emperor for approximately two months. It convened to address the Arian controversy, which was a problem of the world church, and the Paschal controversy, which was a long-standing dispute between the Church in the East and the Church in the West. Additionally, the council established laws regarding church structure, the role of priests, the readmission of apostates, and protocols for open penitence. Notably, the Council of Nicaea was distinctive in that it was convened not by church bishops but by Emperor Constantine I. Furthermore, the Imperial household covered the expenses for the bishops’ stay in Nicaea.<ref name=":0">The Cambridge Companion to the Council of Nicaea, Young Richard Kim, ''Cambridge University Press'', 2021, pg.77</ref> | The First Council of Nicaea took place in May 325 at the palace of the Roman Emperor for approximately two months. It was convened to address the Arian controversy, which was a problem of the world church, and the Paschal controversy, which was a long-standing dispute between the Church in the East and the Church in the West. Additionally, the council established laws regarding church structure, the role of priests, the readmission of apostates, and protocols for open penitence. Notably, the Council of Nicaea was distinctive in that it was convened not by church bishops but by Emperor Constantine I. Furthermore, the Imperial household covered the expenses for the bishops’ stay in Nicaea.<ref name=":0">The Cambridge Companion to the Council of Nicaea, Young Richard Kim, ''Cambridge University Press'', 2021, pg.77</ref> | ||
===Overview=== | ===Overview=== | ||
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*'''Convened by''': Emperor Constantine | *'''Convened by''': Emperor Constantine | ||
*'''Venue''': Emperor’s palace in Nicaea<ref name=":0" /> | *'''Venue''': Emperor’s palace in Nicaea<ref name=":0" /> | ||
*'''Attended by''': Approx. 300 bishops from the Churches in the East and West<ref>[https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/first-council-of-nicea 325 The First Council of Nicaea], ''Christian History Institute''</ref> | *'''Attended by''': Approx. 300 bishops from the Churches in the East and the West<ref>[https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/first-council-of-nicea 325 The First Council of Nicaea], ''Christian History Institute''</ref> | ||
*'''Primary Agendas''': ① Arian controversy ② Date of Resurrection Day<ref>Earle E. Cairns, Christianity Through the Centuries, ''Zondervan Pub. House'', 1954, p. 112</ref><ref>The Routledge Companion to the Christian Church, Gerard Mannion, Lewis S. Mudge, Taylor & Francis, pg.45</ref> | *'''Primary Agendas''': ① Arian controversy ② Date of Resurrection Day<ref>Earle E. Cairns, Christianity Through the Centuries, ''Zondervan Pub. House'', 1954, p. 112</ref><ref>The Routledge Companion to the Christian Church, Gerard Mannion, Lewis S. Mudge, Taylor & Francis, pg.45</ref> | ||
===Constantine’s Political Tactics=== | ===Constantine’s Political Tactics=== | ||
Since Constantine issued the [[Edict of Milan]] in 313 to legalize Christianity, he exerted influence over the Christian church, claiming to be the protector of the church. He convened the Council of Nicaea in 325, which was a gathering of bishops of the Churches in the East and West, under the pretext of establishing unified Christian doctrines. | Since Constantine issued the [[Edict of Milan]] in 313 to legalize Christianity, he exerted influence over the Christian church, claiming to be the protector of the church. He convened the Council of Nicaea in 325, which was a gathering of bishops of the Churches in the East and the West, under the pretext of establishing unified Christian doctrines. | ||
In fact, the Council of Nicaea was a religious assembly involving Constantine’s political purpose.<ref>[https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2000/2000.10.10/ Constantine and the Bishops. The Politics of Intolerance], H. A. (Harold Allen) Drake, ''Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press'', 2000, pg. 609</ref> Constantine adopted Christianity as a means to unify a chaotic Rome into a single empire and to consolidate all Romans under one emperor and one deity. However, as Christianity became embroiled in internal conflicts stemming from various disputes, Constantine found it necessary to resolve the tensions between the Churches and standardize the doctrines to stabilize the empire.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity/The-alliance-between-church-and-empire The alliance between church and empire], ''Britannica''</ref> He made it clear that he would intervene and take an active role in church affairs, even delivering a speech as the chairman of the Council of Nicaea.<ref>[https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11044a.htm The First Council of Nicaea], ''New Advent''</ref> | In fact, the Council of Nicaea was a religious assembly involving Constantine’s political purpose.<ref>[https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2000/2000.10.10/ Constantine and the Bishops. The Politics of Intolerance], H. A. (Harold Allen) Drake, ''Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press'', 2000, pg. 609</ref> Constantine adopted Christianity as a means to unify a chaotic Rome into a single empire and to consolidate all Romans under one emperor and one deity. However, as Christianity became embroiled in internal conflicts stemming from various disputes, Constantine found it necessary to resolve the tensions between the Churches and standardize the doctrines to stabilize the empire.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity/The-alliance-between-church-and-empire The alliance between church and empire], ''Britannica''</ref> He made it clear that he would intervene and take an active role in church affairs, even delivering a speech as the chairman of the Council of Nicaea.<ref>[https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11044a.htm The First Council of Nicaea], ''New Advent''</ref> | ||
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===Labeling Arianism as Heresy=== | ===Labeling Arianism as Heresy=== | ||
[[File:Nicaea icon.jpg| | [[File:Nicaea icon.jpg|thumb|The Council of Nicaea condemned Arianism by proclaiming the Nicene Creed.]] | ||
*'''Excommunication of Arius''' | *'''Excommunication of Arius''' | ||
One of the main agendas at the Council of Nicaea was the Arian controversy. The Arian controversy originated when [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arius Arius], a Christian presbyter in Alexandria, Egypt, argued that Jesus Christ is not God but a mere creature. Among the 300 bishops who attended the Council of Nicaea, approximately 20 supported Arius. It was [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Athanasius Athanasius], a Greek from Alexandria, who staunchly opposed Arius during the council. Athanasius vehemently rejected Arius’s doctrine, asserting the equality of Christ with God. Constantine mandated that all bishops sign the Nicene Creed, which affirmed the belief that Jesus Christ is of the same essence as God [Homoousios (Greek: ὁμοούσιος,) meaning “of the same essence”]. Seventeen bishops initially opposed this requirement, but under the threat of excommunication by the emperor, the number of dissenters dwindled to two. Ultimately, the two bishops from Africa who refused to sign were excommunicated, along with Arius, and they were deported to Illyria. Additionally, the writings of Arius were burned. | One of the main agendas at the Council of Nicaea was the Arian controversy. The Arian controversy originated when [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arius Arius], a Christian presbyter in Alexandria, Egypt, argued that Jesus Christ is not God but a mere creature. Among the 300 bishops who attended the Council of Nicaea, approximately 20 supported Arius. It was [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Athanasius Athanasius], a Greek from Alexandria, who staunchly opposed Arius during the council. Athanasius vehemently rejected Arius’s doctrine, asserting the equality of Christ with God. Constantine mandated that all bishops sign the Nicene Creed, which affirmed the belief that Jesus Christ is of the same essence as God [Homoousios (Greek: ὁμοούσιος,) meaning “of the same essence”]. Seventeen bishops initially opposed this requirement, but under the threat of excommunication by the emperor, the number of dissenters dwindled to two. Ultimately, the two bishops from Africa who refused to sign were excommunicated, along with Arius, and they were deported to Illyria. Additionally, the writings of Arius were burned. | ||
*'''Adoption of Nicene Creed''' | *'''Adoption of the Nicene Creed''' | ||
The Nicene Creed (Greek: Σύμβολον τῆς Νικαίας, Latin: Symbolum Nicaenum), formulated at the Council of Nicaea, stands as a foundational Christian statement of faith. This creed holds a central place in Roman Catholic theology and has been embraced by many Protestant denominations that emerged after the [[Reformation]], as it affirms the doctrine of the Trinity. | The Nicene Creed (Greek: Σύμβολον τῆς Νικαίας, Latin: Symbolum Nicaenum), formulated at the Council of Nicaea, stands as a foundational Christian statement of faith. This creed holds a central place in Roman Catholic theology and has been embraced by many Protestant denominations that emerged after the [[Reformation]], as it affirms the doctrine of the Trinity. | ||
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{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 9pt; vertical-aling: top" | {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 9pt; vertical-aling: top" | ||
|- valign="top" | |- valign="top" | ||
! width=" | ! width="75%" |<big>'''Nicene Creed in 325 (Original text in Greek)'''</big> | ||
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===The Holy Supper on the Resurrection Day=== | ===The Holy Supper on the Resurrection Day=== | ||
The Council of Nicaea put an end to the Paschal controversies that lasted for about 200 years from around 150. The Paschal controversies arose when the Churches in the East and the West disagreed, insisting on the date of the Holy Supper. Pascha (πάσχα) is a Greek word for the Hebrew Pesach (פֶּסַח). Pesach means the [[Passover]], the day the Israelites were liberated from Egypt. At that time, the Church in the West, centered on Rome, had the Holy Supper on the [[Day of Resurrection|Resurrection Day]], which was actually celebrated on the Passover according to the Bible. However, the Church in the East had the Holy Supper of the Passover on the evening of the 14th day of the first month by the sacred calendar, and celebrated the Resurrection Day on the Sunday after the Passover. | The Council of Nicaea put an end to the Paschal controversies that lasted for about 200 years from around 150. The Paschal controversies arose when the Churches in the East and the West disagreed, insisting on the date of the Holy Supper. Pascha (πάσχα) is a Greek word for the Hebrew Pesach (פֶּסַח). Pesach means the [[Passover]], the day the Israelites were liberated from Egypt. At that time, the Church in the West, centered on Rome, had the Holy Supper on the [[Day of Resurrection|Resurrection Day]], which was actually celebrated on the Passover according to the Bible. However, the Church in the East had the Holy Supper of the Passover on the evening of the 14th day of the first month by the sacred calendar, and celebrated the Resurrection Day on the Sunday after the Passover. | ||
{{quote|“A difference had arisen between East and West. In Asia the all-important date was the 14th Nisan . . . . . . Christians were accustomed to fast until three in the afternoon and then celebrate the Eucharist. In the West, however, the fast was maintained until the '''Sunday''' following the 14th Nisan and then only was the '''paschal Eucharist''' celebrated, '''on the ground that that was the day of the week upon which the Lord rose from the dead.'''”|J. W. C. Wand, ''A History of the Early Church to A.D. 500'', 2006, p. 82–83}} | {{quote|“A difference had arisen between East and West. In Asia, the all-important date was the 14th Nisan . . . . . . Christians were accustomed to fast until three in the afternoon and then celebrate the Eucharist. In the West, however, the fast was maintained until the '''Sunday''' following the 14th Nisan and then only was the '''paschal Eucharist''' celebrated, '''on the ground that that was the day of the week upon which the Lord rose from the dead.'''”|J. W. C. Wand, ''A History of the Early Church to A.D. 500'', 2006, p. 82–83}} | ||
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===Fallacy of the Nicene Creed=== | ===Fallacy of the Nicene Creed=== | ||
*'''Ambiguous Creed''' | *'''Ambiguous Creed''' | ||
The creed affirming the equality of the [[God the Father (Jehovah)|Father]] with the [[God the Son (Jesus)|Son]], which was adopted at the Council of Nicaea, may have temporarily condemned the Arians, but it did not fully approach the essence of the scriptural [[Trinity]]. The Nicene Creed affirmed Jesus Christ as “the only-begotten Son of God” and “of one substance with the Father.” Although the term | The creed affirming the equality of the [[God the Father (Jehovah)|Father]] with the [[God the Son (Jesus)|Son]], which was adopted at the Council of Nicaea, may have temporarily condemned the Arians, but it did not fully approach the essence of the scriptural [[Trinity]]. The Nicene Creed affirmed Jesus Christ as “the only-begotten Son of God” and “of one substance with the Father.” Although the term “Homoousios” (ὁμοούσιος), meaning “of the same essence,” implies the unity of the Father and the Son as one God, this concept is inherently ambiguous.<ref>[https://lsj.gr/wiki/%E1%BD%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82 ὁμοούσιος], ''LSJ''</ref> Consequently, debates over the nature of Christ persisted even after the Council of Nicaea,<ref>[https://pursuingveritas.com/2015/12/23/the-christology-debate/comment-page-1/ The Christology Debate], ''PURSUING VERITAS''</ref> leading to a series of pseudo-Arian movements in church history. These movements emphasized the humanity of Christ while undermining his divinity. | ||
Even today, not only do [[Christian|Christians]], but also theologians who profess belief in the Trinity, struggle to easily acknowledge Jesus Christ as God, although they accept Him as the Son of God. Some churches assert that the Father and the Son are one God but exist separately within that singular deity. Others view Jesus as either one of the [[Angel|angels]] or simply as a human being, a created being. Certain churches argue that the Father and the Son are one due to their shared will and purpose, yet maintain that they are fundamentally distinct from each other. In modern times, some denominations, such as Jehovah’s Witnesses, which claim a difference in nature between the Father and the Son, are often viewed as espousing a form of Arianism. | Even today, not only do [[Christian|Christians]], but also theologians who profess belief in the Trinity, struggle to easily acknowledge Jesus Christ as God, although they accept Him as the Son of God. Some churches assert that the Father and the Son are one God but exist separately within that singular deity. Others view Jesus as either one of the [[Angel|angels]] or simply as a human being, a created being. Certain churches argue that the Father and the Son are one due to their shared will and purpose, yet maintain that they are fundamentally distinct from each other. In modern times, some denominations, such as Jehovah’s Witnesses, which claim a difference in nature between the Father and the Son, are often viewed as espousing a form of Arianism. | ||
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Additionally, it is notable that the Nicene Creed does not provide an explicit explanation regarding the [[The Holy Spirit|Holy Spirit]]. Christianity post the Council of Nicaea failed to fully grasp the biblical concept of the equality of the Father with the Holy Spirit, as well as the Son with the Holy Spirit. Moreover, there was limited comprehension of the nature of the Holy Spirit itself. The theological doctrine of the “Trinity” was merely inherited without a thorough understanding of its implications. | Additionally, it is notable that the Nicene Creed does not provide an explicit explanation regarding the [[The Holy Spirit|Holy Spirit]]. Christianity post the Council of Nicaea failed to fully grasp the biblical concept of the equality of the Father with the Holy Spirit, as well as the Son with the Holy Spirit. Moreover, there was limited comprehension of the nature of the Holy Spirit itself. The theological doctrine of the “Trinity” was merely inherited without a thorough understanding of its implications. | ||
*'''The Trinity in the Bible''' | *'''The Trinity in the Bible''' | ||
At the Council of Nicaea, truth was adjudicated through philosophical dialectics<ref>Nicee et Constantinople, Ortiz de Urbina, I. (ignacio), Paris: Editions de l'Orante, 1963</ref> and influenced by the political ambitions of the emperor. The Trinity is not merely a theological doctrine subject to acknowledgment or denial; it is a biblical truth emphasized since the early Church. Such truths are not determined through theologians’ debates at religious councils but are inherent in the teachings of God Himself.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www. | At the Council of Nicaea, truth was adjudicated through philosophical dialectics<ref>Nicee et Constantinople, Ortiz de Urbina, I. (ignacio), Paris: Editions de l'Orante, 1963</ref> and influenced by the political ambitions of the emperor. The Trinity is not merely a theological doctrine subject to acknowledgment or denial; it is a biblical truth emphasized since the early Church. Such truths are not determined through theologians’ debates at religious councils but are inherent in the teachings of God Himself.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Micah+4%3A1-2&version=NIV |title=Micah 4:1–2 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> | ||
In the [[Bible]], which conveys God’s teachings, the concept of the Trinity means that God the Father [[Jehovah]], God the Son [[Jesus Christ|Jesus]], and God the Holy Spirit are one and the same God, despite appearing differently and being referred to by distinct names.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www. | In the [[Bible]], which conveys God’s teachings, the concept of the Trinity means that God the Father [[Jehovah]], God the Son [[Jesus Christ|Jesus]], and God the Holy Spirit are one and the same God, despite appearing differently and being referred to by distinct names.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+28%3A19&version=NIV |title=Matthew 28:19 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> Apostles [[Paul]] and [[John (Apostle)|John]], who grasped the essence of the Trinity, recognized that Christ Jesus is the God Jehovah, the [[The Creator|Creator]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+9%3A5&version=NIV |title=Romans 9:5 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+1%3A1-14&version=NIV |title=John 1:1–14 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> They understood that the Holy Spirit is none other than Christ Jesus, who was [[Cross|crucified]] for the sins of humanity 2,000 years ago,<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+14%3A26&version=NIV John 14:26]</ref> and is also the God Jehovah who created the world.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20corinthians+2%3A10&version=NIV 1 Corinthians 2:10]</ref><small>{{참고|Trinity|l1=|설명=}}</small> | ||
===Abolition of the Passover=== | ===Abolition of the Passover=== | ||
As the Council of Nicaea decided to have the Holy Supper on the Resurrection Day, the [[Passover]] that Jesus Christ established as the [[New Covenant|new covenant]] was abolished. The [[New Covenant Passover]] is [[The Feasts of God|God’s feast]] that the early Church kept in accordance with the will of Jesus, who said, “I have eagerly desired to eat the Passover with you before I suffer.”<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www. | As the Council of Nicaea decided to have the Holy Supper on the Resurrection Day, the [[Passover]] that Jesus Christ established as the [[New Covenant|new covenant]] was abolished. The [[The New Covenant Passover|New Covenant Passover]] is [[The Feasts of God|God’s feast]] that the early Church kept in accordance with the will of Jesus, who said, “I have eagerly desired to eat the Passover with you before I suffer.”<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+22%3A15%2C19-20&version=NIV |title=Luke 22:15, 19-20 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+11%3A23-26&version=NIV |title=1 Corinthians 11:23–26|publisher= |quote= }}</ref> The early Church had the Holy Supper of the Passover on the evening of the fourteenth day of the first month by the sacred calendar, not as a Jewish tradition but as God’s commandment. Thus, God’s people commemorated the holy sacrifice of Christ by eating the bread and drinking the wine that represent Christ’s flesh and blood.<ref name="누룩">{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+5%3A7-8&version=NIV |title=1 Corinthians 5:7–8 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+11%3A23-26&version=NIV |title=1 Corinthians 11:23–26 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> | ||
However, after the Council of Nicaea, those who continued to observe the Passover were branded as heretics and called Quartodecimans (Latin: Quārtadecimānī).<ref>[https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/1819-1893,_Schaff._Philip,_History_Of_Christian_Church_%5b03%5d_Nicene_And_Post-Nicene_Christianity_AD_311-600,_EN.pdf History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 311-600], ''History of the Christian Church'', Philip Schaff, pg. 85</ref> Over time, the distinction between the Passover and Resurrection Day blurred, eventually leading to the Passover, the greatest Christian feast, being completely forgotten. The [[Feast of Unleavened Bread]], observed to commemorate Christ’s [[ | However, after the Council of Nicaea, those who continued to observe the Passover were branded as heretics and called Quartodecimans (Latin: Quārtadecimānī).<ref>[https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/1819-1893,_Schaff._Philip,_History_Of_Christian_Church_%5b03%5d_Nicene_And_Post-Nicene_Christianity_AD_311-600,_EN.pdf History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 311-600], ''History of the Christian Church'', Philip Schaff, pg. 85</ref> Over time, the distinction between the Passover and Resurrection Day blurred, eventually leading to the Passover, the greatest Christian feast, being completely forgotten. The [[The Feast of Unleavened Bread|Feast of Unleavened Bread]], observed to commemorate Christ’s [[Crucifixion|suffering on the cross]] on the day following Passover, specifically on the 15th day of the first month according to the sacred calendar, gradually faded from practice. Likewise, the scriptural Resurrection Day, celebrated on the day after the first [[Sabbath]] (on the first Sunday) following the Feast of Unleavened Bread, also vanished over time. | ||
===A Religious Council Intervened by a Gentile Emperor=== | ===A Religious Council Intervened by a Gentile Emperor=== | ||
[[file:Constantine I- RIC VI 890-886182 AugTrever.jpg| | [[file:Constantine I- RIC VI 890-886182 AugTrever.jpg|thumb|240x240픽셀|Coin of Constantine I, depicting the invincible sun god on the reverse side of the coin and inscribing the words SOLI INVICTO COMITI, which means [https://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=soli%20invicto%20comiti “to the invincible sun god, companion of the emperor,”] c. 315]] | ||
[[file:ChristAsSol.jpg| | [[file:ChristAsSol.jpg|thumb|240px| In mosaics made around the 4th century, Christ was depicted as the sun god.]] | ||
Constantine, favoring the church for political gain, consolidated authority over it through the Council of Nicaea, subsequently employing it as a tool to govern the entire Roman Empire in a theocratic manner.<ref>Odahl, Charles Matson, (2007), "[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/61754691.pdf Constantine the Great and Christian Imperial Theocracy]", ''Connections: European Studies Annual Review'', 3, 89-113</ref><ref>[https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/politics/political-ideology/theocracy/ Theocracy], ''Study Smarter''</ref> | Constantine, favoring the church for political gain, consolidated authority over it through the Council of Nicaea, subsequently employing it as a tool to govern the entire Roman Empire in a theocratic manner.<ref>Odahl, Charles Matson, (2007), "[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/61754691.pdf Constantine the Great and Christian Imperial Theocracy]", ''Connections: European Studies Annual Review'', 3, 89-113</ref><ref>[https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/politics/political-ideology/theocracy/ Theocracy], ''Study Smarter''</ref> | ||
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===The Rise and Fall of the Arians=== | ===The Rise and Fall of the Arians=== | ||
[[File:Christian states 495 AD (en).svg| | [[File:Christian states 495 AD (en).svg|thumb|Germanic tribes that followed Arianism (orange color), and the Eastern Roman Empire that followed the Nicene Creed (turquoise color) around 495]] | ||
At the Council of Nicaea, [[Arianism]] appeared to have been marginalized, but Arian leaders swiftly regained their positions within their respective churches.<ref>[https://revelationbyjesuschrist.com/arian/ After Nicaea, the church was dominated by Arian emperors], ''From Daniel to Revelation,'' March 19, 2020</ref> Through conspiracies, they purged opposing factions, and even after the death of Arius in 336, Arianism persisted. | At the Council of Nicaea, [[Arianism]] appeared to have been marginalized, but Arian leaders swiftly regained their positions within their respective churches.<ref>[https://revelationbyjesuschrist.com/arian/ After Nicaea, the church was dominated by Arian emperors], ''From Daniel to Revelation,'' March 19, 2020</ref> Through conspiracies, they purged opposing factions, and even after the death of Arius in 336, Arianism persisted. | ||
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In 476, the Western Roman Empire succumbed to Odoacer, a Germanic mercenary commander, resulting in Arian peoples occupying Western Rome. In 527, Justinian I (reigned 527–565), emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, conferred the title of head of the church upon the pope of Rome and embarked on campaigns to conquer Arian kingdoms, including the [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vandal-Germanic-people Vandal kingdom] in Africa and the [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ostrogoth Ostrogothic kingdom] in Italy. Following these events, the Germanic tribes renounced Arianism and followed the Nicene Creed and the Roman Catholic Church.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Germanic-peoples Germanic peoples], ''Britannica''</ref><small>{{참고|Arianism|l1=|설명=}}</small> | In 476, the Western Roman Empire succumbed to Odoacer, a Germanic mercenary commander, resulting in Arian peoples occupying Western Rome. In 527, Justinian I (reigned 527–565), emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, conferred the title of head of the church upon the pope of Rome and embarked on campaigns to conquer Arian kingdoms, including the [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vandal-Germanic-people Vandal kingdom] in Africa and the [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ostrogoth Ostrogothic kingdom] in Italy. Following these events, the Germanic tribes renounced Arianism and followed the Nicene Creed and the Roman Catholic Church.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Germanic-peoples Germanic peoples], ''Britannica''</ref><small>{{참고|Arianism|l1=|설명=}}</small> | ||
==Second Council of Nicaea== | ==Second Council of Nicaea== | ||
The Second Council of Nicaea took place in 787 and is acknowledged as the seventh ecumenical council. It aimed to address the Iconoclastic Controversy,<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/event/Iconoclastic-Controversy Iconoclastic Controversy], ''Britannica''</ref> which began in 726 when Emperor [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-III Leo III] of the Eastern Roman Empire issued a decree opposing the veneration of icons. Convened by Empress Irene, an icon worshiper hailing from Athens, Greece, the Second Council of Nicaea denounced iconoclasm and raised icons from mere objects of veneration to objects deserving adoration.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/event/Second-Council-of-Nicaea-787 Second Council of Nicaea], ''Britannica''</ref> | The Second Council of Nicaea took place in 787 and is acknowledged as the seventh ecumenical council. It aimed to address the Iconoclastic Controversy,<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/event/Iconoclastic-Controversy Iconoclastic Controversy], ''Britannica''</ref> which began in 726 when Emperor [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-III Leo III] of the Eastern Roman Empire issued a decree opposing the veneration of icons. Convened by Empress Irene, an icon worshiper hailing from Athens, Greece, the Second Council of Nicaea denounced iconoclasm and raised icons from mere objects of veneration to objects deserving of adoration.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/event/Second-Council-of-Nicaea-787 Second Council of Nicaea], ''Britannica''</ref> | ||
==Related videos== | ==Related videos== | ||
