Council of Nicaea

(5 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)

Line 1:

[[~~file~~:~~Turkey-Iznik_Nicaea.png|thumb|~~Nicaea (~~now Iznik~~)~~, where the Council of Nicene was convened, is located on the east coast of Lake Iznik in the northwest of Türkiye.~~]]

[[ko:니케아 공의회 (니케아 종교회의)]][[vi:Công đồng Nicaea (Hội nghị tôn giáo Nicaea)]]The '''Council of Nicaea''' is a world ecumenical council<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/council-Christianity Council], ''Britannica''</ref> held in [https://www.google.com/maps/place/%ED%84%B0%ED%82%A4+%EB%B6%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%82%AC+%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%88%EB%8B%88%ED%81%AC+%EB%8B%88%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84/@40.4304772,29.6972329,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x14cb0bc05d7864f5:0x17b677c58432bec8!8m2!3d40.429524!4d29.719743 Nicaea (now Iznik in Türkiye)], Asia Minor. The Council of Nicaea was held twice in 325 and 787. The first council was convened by the Roman Emperor [[Constantine I]] (Latin: Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus, reigned 306–337), which was the first synod of the Roman Catholic Church. The main agendas were the [[The Paschal Controversy (The Passover Controversy)|Paschal controversy]] and the [[Arianism|Arian controversy]]. In 787, Empress Irene of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) convened the second council and approved the veneration of [https://www.britannica.com/topic/icon-religious-art icons]. In general, the Council of Nicaea refers to the first council, which has great significance in history.

The '''Council of Nicaea''' is a world ecumenical council<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/council-Christianity Council], ''Britannica''</ref> held in [https://www.google.com/maps/place/%ED%84%B0%ED%82%A4+%EB%B6%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%82%AC+%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%88%EB%8B%88%ED%81%AC+%EB%8B%88%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84/@40.4304772,29.6972329,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x14cb0bc05d7864f5:0x17b677c58432bec8!8m2!3d40.429524!4d29.719743 Nicaea (now Iznik in Türkiye)], Asia Minor. The Council of Nicaea was held twice in 325 and 787. The first council was convened by the Roman Emperor [[Constantine I]] (Latin: Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus, reigned 306–337), which was the first synod of the Roman Catholic Church. The main agendas were the [[The Paschal Controversy (The Passover Controversy)|Paschal controversy]] and the [[Arianism|Arian controversy]]. In 787, Empress Irene of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) convened the second council and approved the veneration of [https://www.britannica.com/topic/icon-religious-art icons]. In general, the Council of Nicaea refers to the first council, which has great significance in history.

The Ecumenical Council (Latin: Concilium Ecumenicum), also known as the World Councils, were gatherings of bishops convened to discuss and resolve matters of doctrine and heresy. Historically, seven of these councils were held.

Line 94:

Line 93:

At the Council of Nicaea, truth was adjudicated through philosophical dialectics<ref>Nicee et Constantinople, Ortiz de Urbina, I. (ignacio), Paris: Editions de l'Orante, 1963</ref> and influenced by the political ambitions of the emperor. The Trinity is not merely a theological doctrine subject to acknowledgment or denial; it is a biblical truth emphasized since the early Church. Such truths are not determined through theologians’ debates at religious councils but are inherent in the teachings of God Himself.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Micah+4%3A1-2&version=NIV |title=Micah 4:1–2 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref>

In the [[Bible]], which conveys God’s teachings, the concept of the Trinity means that God the Father [[Jehovah]], God the Son [[Jesus Christ|Jesus]], and God the Holy Spirit are one and the same God, despite appearing differently and being referred to by distinct names.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+28%3A19&version=NIV |title=Matthew 28:19 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> Apostles [[Paul]] and [[John (Apostle)|John]], who grasped the essence of the Trinity, recognized that Christ Jesus is the God Jehovah, the [[Creator]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+9%3A5&version=NIV |title=Romans 9:5 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+1%3A1-14&version=NIV |title=John 1:1–14 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> They understood that the Holy Spirit is none other than Christ Jesus, who was [[Cross|crucified]] for the sins of humanity 2,000 years ago,<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+14%3A26&version=NIV John 14:26]</ref> and is also the God Jehovah who created the world.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20corinthians+2%3A10&version=NIV 1 Corinthians 2:10]</ref><small>{{참고|Trinity|l1=|설명=}}</small>

In the [[Bible]], which conveys God’s teachings, the concept of the Trinity means that God the Father [[Jehovah]], God the Son [[Jesus Christ|Jesus]], and God the Holy Spirit are one and the same God, despite appearing differently and being referred to by distinct names.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+28%3A19&version=NIV |title=Matthew 28:19 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> Apostles [[Paul]] and [[John (Apostle)|John]], who grasped the essence of the Trinity, recognized that Christ Jesus is the God Jehovah, the [[The Creator|Creator]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+9%3A5&version=NIV |title=Romans 9:5 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+1%3A1-14&version=NIV |title=John 1:1–14 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> They understood that the Holy Spirit is none other than Christ Jesus, who was [[Cross|crucified]] for the sins of humanity 2,000 years ago,<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+14%3A26&version=NIV John 14:26]</ref> and is also the God Jehovah who created the world.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20corinthians+2%3A10&version=NIV 1 Corinthians 2:10]</ref><small>{{참고|Trinity|l1=|설명=}}</small>

===Abolition of the Passover===

As the Council of Nicaea decided to have the Holy Supper on the Resurrection Day, the [[Passover]] that Jesus Christ established as the [[New Covenant|new covenant]] was abolished. The [[New Covenant Passover]] is [[The Feasts of God|God’s feast]] that the early Church kept in accordance with the will of Jesus, who said, “I have eagerly desired to eat the Passover with you before I suffer.”<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+22%3A15%2C19-20&version=NIV |title=Luke 22:15, 19-20 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+11%3A23-26&version=NIV |title=1 Corinthians 11:23–26|publisher= |quote= }}</ref> The early Church had the Holy Supper of the Passover on the evening of the fourteenth day of the first month by the sacred calendar, not as a Jewish tradition but as God’s commandment. Thus, God’s people commemorated the holy sacrifice of Christ by eating the bread and drinking the wine that represent Christ’s flesh and blood.<ref name="누룩">{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+5%3A7-8&version=NIV |title=1 Corinthians 5:7–8 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+11%3A23-26&version=NIV |title=1 Corinthians 11:23–26 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref>

As the Council of Nicaea decided to have the Holy Supper on the Resurrection Day, the [[Passover]] that Jesus Christ established as the [[New Covenant|new covenant]] was abolished. The [[The New Covenant Passover|New Covenant Passover]] is [[The Feasts of God|God’s feast]] that the early Church kept in accordance with the will of Jesus, who said, “I have eagerly desired to eat the Passover with you before I suffer.”<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+22%3A15%2C19-20&version=NIV |title=Luke 22:15, 19-20 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+11%3A23-26&version=NIV |title=1 Corinthians 11:23–26|publisher= |quote= }}</ref> The early Church had the Holy Supper of the Passover on the evening of the fourteenth day of the first month by the sacred calendar, not as a Jewish tradition but as God’s commandment. Thus, God’s people commemorated the holy sacrifice of Christ by eating the bread and drinking the wine that represent Christ’s flesh and blood.<ref name="누룩">{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+5%3A7-8&version=NIV |title=1 Corinthians 5:7–8 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+11%3A23-26&version=NIV |title=1 Corinthians 11:23–26 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref>

However, after the Council of Nicaea, those who continued to observe the Passover were branded as heretics and called Quartodecimans (Latin: Quārtadecimānī).<ref>[https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/1819-1893,_Schaff._Philip,_History_Of_Christian_Church_%5b03%5d_Nicene_And_Post-Nicene_Christianity_AD_311-600,_EN.pdf History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 311-600], ''History of the Christian Church'', Philip Schaff, pg. 85</ref> Over time, the distinction between the Passover and Resurrection Day blurred, eventually leading to the Passover, the greatest Christian feast, being completely forgotten. The [[The Feast of Unleavened Bread|Feast of Unleavened Bread]], observed to commemorate Christ’s [[~~Suffering on the Cross~~|suffering on the cross]] on the day following Passover, specifically on the 15th day of the first month according to the sacred calendar, gradually faded from practice. Likewise, the scriptural Resurrection Day, celebrated on the day after the first [[Sabbath]] (on the first Sunday) following the Feast of Unleavened Bread, also vanished over time.

However, after the Council of Nicaea, those who continued to observe the Passover were branded as heretics and called Quartodecimans (Latin: Quārtadecimānī).<ref>[https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/1819-1893,_Schaff._Philip,_History_Of_Christian_Church_%5b03%5d_Nicene_And_Post-Nicene_Christianity_AD_311-600,_EN.pdf History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 311-600], ''History of the Christian Church'', Philip Schaff, pg. 85</ref> Over time, the distinction between the Passover and Resurrection Day blurred, eventually leading to the Passover, the greatest Christian feast, being completely forgotten. The [[The Feast of Unleavened Bread|Feast of Unleavened Bread]], observed to commemorate Christ’s [[Crucifixion|suffering on the cross]] on the day following Passover, specifically on the 15th day of the first month according to the sacred calendar, gradually faded from practice. Likewise, the scriptural Resurrection Day, celebrated on the day after the first [[Sabbath]] (on the first Sunday) following the Feast of Unleavened Bread, also vanished over time.

===A Religious Council Intervened by a Gentile Emperor===

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[file:Turkey-Iznik_Nicaea.png|thumb|Nicaea (now Iznik), where the Council of Nicene was convened, is located on the east coast of Lake Iznik in the northwest of Türkiye.]]
+<!-- interlanguage:start -->[[ko:니케아 공의회 (니케아 종교회의)]][[vi:Công đồng Nicaea (Hội nghị tôn giáo Nicaea)]]<!-- interlanguage:end -->The '''Council of Nicaea''' is a world ecumenical council<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/council-Christianity Council], ''Britannica''</ref> held in [https://www.google.com/maps/place/%ED%84%B0%ED%82%A4+%EB%B6%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%82%AC+%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%88%EB%8B%88%ED%81%AC+%EB%8B%88%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84/@40.4304772,29.6972329,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x14cb0bc05d7864f5:0x17b677c58432bec8!8m2!3d40.429524!4d29.719743 Nicaea (now Iznik in Türkiye)], Asia Minor. The Council of Nicaea was held twice in 325 and 787. The first council was convened by the Roman Emperor [[Constantine I]] (Latin: Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus, reigned 306–337), which was the first synod of the Roman Catholic Church. The main agendas were the [[The Paschal Controversy (The Passover Controversy)|Paschal controversy]] and the [[Arianism|Arian controversy]]. In 787, Empress Irene of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) convened the second council and approved the veneration of [https://www.britannica.com/topic/icon-religious-art icons]. In general, the Council of Nicaea refers to the first council, which has great significance in history.
-The '''Council of Nicaea''' is a world ecumenical council<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/council-Christianity Council], ''Britannica''</ref> held in [https://www.google.com/maps/place/%ED%84%B0%ED%82%A4+%EB%B6%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%82%AC+%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%88%EB%8B%88%ED%81%AC+%EB%8B%88%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84/@40.4304772,29.6972329,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x14cb0bc05d7864f5:0x17b677c58432bec8!8m2!3d40.429524!4d29.719743 Nicaea (now Iznik in Türkiye)], Asia Minor. The Council of Nicaea was held twice in 325 and 787. The first council was convened by the Roman Emperor [[Constantine I]] (Latin: Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus, reigned 306–337), which was the first synod of the Roman Catholic Church. The main agendas were the [[The Paschal Controversy (The Passover Controversy)|Paschal controversy]] and the [[Arianism|Arian controversy]]. In 787, Empress Irene of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) convened the second council and approved the veneration of [https://www.britannica.com/topic/icon-religious-art icons]. In general, the Council of Nicaea refers to the first council, which has great significance in history.
 The Ecumenical Council (Latin: Concilium Ecumenicum), also known as the World Councils, were gatherings of bishops convened to discuss and resolve matters of doctrine and heresy. Historically, seven of these councils were held.
@@ Line 94: / Line 93: @@
 At the Council of Nicaea, truth was adjudicated through philosophical dialectics<ref>Nicee et Constantinople, Ortiz de Urbina, I. (ignacio), Paris: Editions de l'Orante, 1963</ref> and influenced by the political ambitions of the emperor. The Trinity is not merely a theological doctrine subject to acknowledgment or denial; it is a biblical truth emphasized since the early Church. Such truths are not determined through theologians’ debates at religious councils but are inherent in the teachings of God Himself.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Micah+4%3A1-2&version=NIV |title=Micah 4:1–2 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref>
-In the [[Bible]], which conveys God’s teachings, the concept of the Trinity means that God the Father [[Jehovah]], God the Son [[Jesus Christ|Jesus]], and God the Holy Spirit are one and the same God, despite appearing differently and being referred to by distinct names.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+28%3A19&version=NIV |title=Matthew 28:19 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> Apostles [[Paul]] and [[John (Apostle)|John]], who grasped the essence of the Trinity, recognized that Christ Jesus is the God Jehovah, the [[Creator]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+9%3A5&version=NIV |title=Romans 9:5 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+1%3A1-14&version=NIV |title=John 1:1–14 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> They understood that the Holy Spirit is none other than Christ Jesus, who was [[Cross|crucified]] for the sins of humanity 2,000 years ago,<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+14%3A26&version=NIV John 14:26]</ref> and is also the God Jehovah who created the world.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20corinthians+2%3A10&version=NIV 1 Corinthians 2:10]</ref><small>{{참고|Trinity|l1=|설명=}}</small>
+In the [[Bible]], which conveys God’s teachings, the concept of the Trinity means that God the Father [[Jehovah]], God the Son [[Jesus Christ|Jesus]], and God the Holy Spirit are one and the same God, despite appearing differently and being referred to by distinct names.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+28%3A19&version=NIV |title=Matthew 28:19 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> Apostles [[Paul]] and [[John (Apostle)|John]], who grasped the essence of the Trinity, recognized that Christ Jesus is the God Jehovah, the [[The Creator|Creator]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+9%3A5&version=NIV |title=Romans 9:5 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+1%3A1-14&version=NIV |title=John 1:1–14 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> They understood that the Holy Spirit is none other than Christ Jesus, who was [[Cross|crucified]] for the sins of humanity 2,000 years ago,<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+14%3A26&version=NIV John 14:26]</ref> and is also the God Jehovah who created the world.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20corinthians+2%3A10&version=NIV 1 Corinthians 2:10]</ref><small>{{참고|Trinity|l1=|설명=}}</small>
 ===Abolition of the Passover===
-As the Council of Nicaea decided to have the Holy Supper on the Resurrection Day, the [[Passover]] that Jesus Christ established as the [[New Covenant|new covenant]] was abolished. The [[New Covenant Passover]] is [[The Feasts of God|God’s feast]] that the early Church kept in accordance with the will of Jesus, who said, “I have eagerly desired to eat the Passover with you before I suffer.”<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+22%3A15%2C19-20&version=NIV |title=Luke 22:15, 19-20 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+11%3A23-26&version=NIV |title=1 Corinthians 11:23–26|publisher= |quote= }}</ref> The early Church had the Holy Supper of the Passover on the evening of the fourteenth day of the first month by the sacred calendar, not as a Jewish tradition but as God’s commandment. Thus, God’s people commemorated the holy sacrifice of Christ by eating the bread and drinking the wine that represent Christ’s flesh and blood.<ref name="누룩">{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+5%3A7-8&version=NIV |title=1 Corinthians 5:7–8 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+11%3A23-26&version=NIV |title=1 Corinthians 11:23–26 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref>
+As the Council of Nicaea decided to have the Holy Supper on the Resurrection Day, the [[Passover]] that Jesus Christ established as the [[New Covenant|new covenant]] was abolished. The [[The New Covenant Passover|New Covenant Passover]] is [[The Feasts of God|God’s feast]] that the early Church kept in accordance with the will of Jesus, who said, “I have eagerly desired to eat the Passover with you before I suffer.”<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+22%3A15%2C19-20&version=NIV |title=Luke 22:15, 19-20 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+11%3A23-26&version=NIV |title=1 Corinthians 11:23–26|publisher= |quote= }}</ref> The early Church had the Holy Supper of the Passover on the evening of the fourteenth day of the first month by the sacred calendar, not as a Jewish tradition but as God’s commandment. Thus, God’s people commemorated the holy sacrifice of Christ by eating the bread and drinking the wine that represent Christ’s flesh and blood.<ref name="누룩">{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+5%3A7-8&version=NIV |title=1 Corinthians 5:7–8 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+11%3A23-26&version=NIV |title=1 Corinthians 11:23–26 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref>
-However, after the Council of Nicaea, those who continued to observe the Passover were branded as heretics and called Quartodecimans (Latin: Quārtadecimānī).<ref>[https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/1819-1893,_Schaff._Philip,_History_Of_Christian_Church_%5b03%5d_Nicene_And_Post-Nicene_Christianity_AD_311-600,_EN.pdf History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 311-600], ''History of the Christian Church'', Philip Schaff, pg. 85</ref> Over time, the distinction between the Passover and Resurrection Day blurred, eventually leading to the Passover, the greatest Christian feast, being completely forgotten. The [[The Feast of Unleavened Bread|Feast of Unleavened Bread]], observed to commemorate Christ’s [[Suffering on the Cross|suffering on the cross]] on the day following Passover, specifically on the 15th day of the first month according to the sacred calendar, gradually faded from practice. Likewise, the scriptural Resurrection Day, celebrated on the day after the first [[Sabbath]] (on the first Sunday) following the Feast of Unleavened Bread, also vanished over time.
+However, after the Council of Nicaea, those who continued to observe the Passover were branded as heretics and called Quartodecimans (Latin: Quārtadecimānī).<ref>[https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/1819-1893,_Schaff._Philip,_History_Of_Christian_Church_%5b03%5d_Nicene_And_Post-Nicene_Christianity_AD_311-600,_EN.pdf History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 311-600], ''History of the Christian Church'', Philip Schaff, pg. 85</ref> Over time, the distinction between the Passover and Resurrection Day blurred, eventually leading to the Passover, the greatest Christian feast, being completely forgotten. The [[The Feast of Unleavened Bread|Feast of Unleavened Bread]], observed to commemorate Christ’s [[Crucifixion|suffering on the cross]] on the day following Passover, specifically on the 15th day of the first month according to the sacred calendar, gradually faded from practice. Likewise, the scriptural Resurrection Day, celebrated on the day after the first [[Sabbath]] (on the first Sunday) following the Feast of Unleavened Bread, also vanished over time.
 ===A Religious Council Intervened by a Gentile Emperor===

Council of Nicaea: Difference between revisions