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[[file:Pharaoh.svg |thumb|296x296px|The typical depiction of a pharaoh in ancient Egypt]] | <!-- interlanguage:start -->[[ko:바로 (파라오)]]<!-- interlanguage:end -->[[file:Pharaoh.svg |thumb|296x296px|The typical depiction of a pharaoh in ancient Egypt]]'''Pharaoh''' was the common title used for the kings of ancient Egypt. As the supreme ruler, the pharaoh held both political and religious authority and was even regarded as a divine being. | ||
'''Pharaoh''' was the common title used for the kings of ancient Egypt. As the supreme ruler, the pharaoh held both political and religious authority and was even regarded as a divine being. | |||
Egypt, located to the south of Israel, frequently appears throughout biblical history. In the [[Bible]], the ruler of Egypt is sometimes referred to simply as “Pharaoh,”<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+12%3A15&version=NIV Genesis 12:15], [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+1%3A11&version=NIV Exodus 1:11]</ref> and at other times as “Pharaoh king of Egypt,” combining the title with the descriptive phrase “king of Egypt.”<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+41%3A46&version=NIV Genesis 41:46], [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy+7%3A8&version=NIV Deuteronomy 7:8]</ref> In some passages, the title appears together with a specific name—for example, “Pharaoh Neco.”<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Kings+23%3A29&version=NIV 2 Kings 23:29]</ref> Altogether, five Pharaohs are mentioned by name in the Bible: Shishak, So, Tirhakah, Neco, and Hophra. | Egypt, located to the south of Israel, frequently appears throughout biblical history. In the [[Bible]], the ruler of Egypt is sometimes referred to simply as “Pharaoh,”<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+12%3A15&version=NIV Genesis 12:15], [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+1%3A11&version=NIV Exodus 1:11]</ref> and at other times as “Pharaoh king of Egypt,” combining the title with the descriptive phrase “king of Egypt.”<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+41%3A46&version=NIV Genesis 41:46], [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy+7%3A8&version=NIV Deuteronomy 7:8]</ref> In some passages, the title appears together with a specific name—for example, “Pharaoh Neco.”<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Kings+23%3A29&version=NIV 2 Kings 23:29]</ref> Altogether, five Pharaohs are mentioned by name in the Bible: Shishak, So, Tirhakah, Neco, and Hophra. | ||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
[[file:C+B-Pharaoh-Hieroglyph1. | [[file:C+B-Pharaoh-Hieroglyph1.png |thumb|150x120px|Egyptian hieroglyph ''pr-’o'' ]] | ||
The word ''pharaoh'' originates from the ancient Egyptian hieroglyph ''pr-’o'',<ref>Since ancient Egyptian (hieroglyphs) did not record vowels, it is presumed that "pr-‘o" was pronounced as "pero" (pharaoh), or alternatively as "per-a-a" or "Per’a".</ref> which literally meant “great house” or “palace.” Initially, the term referred to the royal palace itself—the residence of the king of Egypt. However, beginning around the middle of the 18th Dynasty (c. 1450 BC), ''pr-’o'' came to be used as a designation for the monarch personally. By the 22nd Dynasty (945–720 BC), it had become an official royal title, used together with the ruler’s name.<ref name=":1">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/pharaoh Pharaoh], ''Britannica''</ref> The Hebrew rendering of ''pr-’o'' was ''par‘oh'' (פַּרְעֹה),<ref>[https://biblehub.com/hebrew/6547.htm Strong's Hebrew: 6547. פַּרְעֹה], ''Bible Hub''</ref> which was later transliterated into Greek as ''pharaō'' (Φαραώ).<ref>[https://biblehub.com/greek/pharao__5328.htm Greek Concordance: Φαραὼ], ''Bible Hub''</ref> This Greek form gave rise to the English word ''pharaoh''. After Egypt was conquered by [[Alexander the Great]] around 332 BC, the use of the title gradually declined. | The word ''pharaoh'' originates from the ancient Egyptian hieroglyph ''pr-’o'',<ref>Since ancient Egyptian (hieroglyphs) did not record vowels, it is presumed that "pr-‘o" was pronounced as "pero" (pharaoh), or alternatively as "per-a-a" or "Per’a".</ref> which literally meant “great house” or “palace.” Initially, the term referred to the royal palace itself—the residence of the king of Egypt. However, beginning around the middle of the 18th Dynasty (c. 1450 BC), ''pr-’o'' came to be used as a designation for the monarch personally. By the 22nd Dynasty (945–720 BC), it had become an official royal title, used together with the ruler’s name.<ref name=":1">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/pharaoh Pharaoh], ''Britannica''</ref> The Hebrew rendering of ''pr-’o'' was ''par‘oh'' (פַּרְעֹה),<ref>[https://biblehub.com/hebrew/6547.htm Strong's Hebrew: 6547. פַּרְעֹה], ''Bible Hub''</ref> which was later transliterated into Greek as ''pharaō'' (Φαραώ).<ref>[https://biblehub.com/greek/pharao__5328.htm Greek Concordance: Φαραὼ], ''Bible Hub''</ref> This Greek form gave rise to the English word ''pharaoh''. After Egypt was conquered by [[Alexander the Great]] around 332 BC, the use of the title gradually declined. | ||
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===Joseph’s Time=== | ===Joseph’s Time=== | ||
[[file:Joseph receiving Pharaoh's Ring.tif |thumb| 200px |Joseph receives the pharaoh’s ring.]] | [[file:Joseph receiving Pharaoh's Ring.tif |thumb| 200px |Joseph receives the pharaoh’s ring.]] | ||
While [[Joseph (Son of Jacob)|Joseph]] was living in Egypt as a slave, the pharaoh had two troubling dreams: in the first, seven healthy cows were devoured by seven thin and gaunt cows; in the second, seven withered heads of grain consumed seven full and good heads of grain. On the recommendation of the chief cupbearer, | While [[Joseph (Son of Jacob)|Joseph]] was living in Egypt as a slave, the pharaoh had two troubling dreams: in the first, seven healthy cows were devoured by seven thin and gaunt cows; in the second, seven withered heads of grain consumed seven full and good heads of grain. On the recommendation of the chief cupbearer, the pharaoh summoned Joseph to interpret the dreams. Joseph explained that the two dreams carried the same message—they foretold seven years of abundance followed by seven years of severe famine. Deeply impressed by Joseph’s wisdom, the pharaoh appointed him as prime minister. During the seven years of plenty, Joseph stored large quantities of grain throughout the cities of Egypt in preparation for the coming famine.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%2041&version=NIV Genesis 41장]</ref> When the famine struck, [[Jacob]]’s entire family relocated to Goshen in Egypt, where they found refuge.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+46%3A26-27&version=NIV |title=Genesis 46:26–27 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> | ||
If the date of Israel’s migration to Egypt is placed in the 19th century BC, the pharaoh of Joseph’s time is generally thought to have been one of the rulers of the 12th Dynasty, under whom Egypt’s Middle Kingdom reached its height of prosperity. | If the date of Israel’s migration to Egypt is placed in the 19th century BC, the pharaoh of Joseph’s time is generally thought to have been one of the rulers of the 12th Dynasty, under whom Egypt’s Middle Kingdom reached its height of prosperity. | ||
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====Bithia’s Father, Pharaoh==== | ====Bithia’s Father, Pharaoh==== | ||
In [[ | In [[1 Chronicles|1 Chronicles]], Bithia, the daughter of Pharaoh,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Chronicles+4%3A18&version=NIV |title=1 Chronicles 4:18 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> is mentioned as the wife of Mered from the tribe of Judah. Her name, Bithia, means “daughter of the [[Jehovah|LORD]].”<ref>[https://nameberry.com/b/girl-baby-name-bithiah Bithiah], ''Nameberry''</ref> However, since the Bible provides no further details about Bithia or Mered, scholars conclude that it is impossible to determine which pharaoh was her father.<ref>[https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12086-pharaoh Pharaoh,] ''Jewish Encyclopedia''</ref> | ||
===The United Kingdom of Israel=== | ===The United Kingdom of Israel=== | ||
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====Pharaoh Necho==== | ====Pharaoh Necho==== | ||
Pharaoh Necho refers to Necho II, the second king of Egypt’s 26th Dynasty (reigned c. 609–594 BC). He ascended the throne around 609 BC, three years after the fall of [[Nineveh]], the Assyrian capital. Seeking to assert Egyptian dominance over the Euphrates region before the rising power of [[Babylon]]—under King Nabopolassar and Crown Prince [[Nebuchadnezzar]]—became too strong, Necho launched a series of military campaigns shortly after taking the throne. During these campaigns, he captured the Philistine cities of Gaza and Ashkelon, bringing much of Palestine under Egyptian control.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jeremiah+47%3A1-5&version=NIV |title=Jeremiah 47:1–5|publisher= |quote= }}</ref> | Pharaoh Necho refers to Necho II, the second king of Egypt’s 26th Dynasty (reigned c. 609–594 BC). He ascended the throne around 609 BC, three years after the fall of [[Nineveh]], the Assyrian capital. Seeking to assert Egyptian dominance over the Euphrates region before the rising power of [[Babylon]]—under King Nabopolassar and Crown Prince [[Nebuchadnezzar]]—became too strong, Necho launched a series of military campaigns shortly after taking the throne. During these campaigns, he captured the Philistine cities of Gaza and Ashkelon, bringing much of Palestine under Egyptian control.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jeremiah+47%3A1-5&version=NIV |title=Jeremiah 47:1–5|publisher= |quote= }}</ref> | ||
[[file:Francesco Conti - Death of King Josiah.jpg|thumb|225x225px|King Josiah killed at the | [[file:Francesco Conti - Death of King Josiah.jpg|thumb|225x225px|King Josiah killed at the Battle of Megiddo]] | ||
{{quote5 |내용=Neco king of Egypt went up to fight at Carchemish on the Euphrates, and Josiah marched out to meet him in battle. But Neco sent messengers to him, saying, “. . . It is not you I am attacking at this time, but the house with which I am at war. . . .” Josiah, however, would not turn away from him . . . but went to fight him on the plain of Megiddo . . . he died. He was buried in the tombs of his fathers. |출처=[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Chronicles+35%3A20-24&version=NIV 2 Chronicles 35:20–24]}} | {{quote5 |내용=Neco king of Egypt went up to fight at Carchemish on the Euphrates, and Josiah marched out to meet him in battle. But Neco sent messengers to him, saying, “. . . It is not you I am attacking at this time, but the house with which I am at war. . . .” Josiah, however, would not turn away from him . . . but went to fight him on the plain of Megiddo . . . he died. He was buried in the tombs of his fathers. |출처=[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Chronicles+35%3A20-24&version=NIV 2 Chronicles 35:20–24]}} | ||